Laikinai dabar nebebus galima pasiekti dienoraščių, taigi jei ne-per-ilgi, laikinai dienoraščius post'inkite čia:
autorius:Silentist, dienoraštis: Scandinavia Vs. Russia, data: 2014-06-23:
The West and Russia. There is a historical perspective that is often missing in analysis of contemporary Russia. Napoleon's France invaded Russia in the 19th century. Hitler's Germany invaded Russia in the 20th century. Both failed miserably. The British empire fought "the big game" with Russia in Central Asia and lost all of it. The Ottoman Empire fought many wars against Russia, but eventually disintegrated, replaced by the modern state of Turkey. Britain, France, Germany and Turkey have declined and are still military "powers" only because they are allied with the most powerful of all military powers, the USA. Their influence can still be felt here and there but overall they are not even remotely what they used to be. In fact, today's Germany is so pacifist that its weak army would not be able to stop a Russian invasion. Germany's "life insurance" is Poland: Russia would have to invade Poland first and that would not be easy. Therefore Russia's historical enemies are all much weaker in military terms. Russia, on the other hand, is still the second nuclear power in the world and still the largest country in the world. Based on today's forces, Russia would win all the wars that it lost in the last 500 years. But of course the Europeans would counter that the European Union as a whole still matters, and is as strong as Britain or France were back in the old days of the empires. This may be true when the European Union works, but recently the European Union has been an ungovernable mess that is struggling to keep itself together, and therefore has very little desire or power to solve crises elsewhere. If the majority of Ukrainian people voted in a referendum to join the European Union, it would be the European Union the one to back out. Turkey is even less of a threat. Turkey is the country which has the longest Black Sea coast, right across from Ukraine, and Turkey controls traffic in the Black Sea through the Bosphorus, but Turkey has its own internal problems (the Kurdish minority and a corruption scandal involving the prime minister himself) and at least one external one (the civil war in neighboring Syria). It is unthinkable that Turkey would close the Bosphorus (through which Russia ships arms to Syria's dictator and Turkey's enemy Assad, and through which three million barrels of oil transit every day). At the same time, Western Europe and Turkey have never been so dependent economically on Russia. Almost 40% of all European Union's natural gas imports come from Russia. The entire supply of natural gas in Finland and the Baltic states comes from Russia (100%). Eastern Europe is also heavily dependent on Russian gas. And the biggest importers (in absolute value) are Germany and Italy. Most eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech republic, Slovakia, Ukraine itself) produce nuclear energy, but western European countries like Italy (that don't have any nuclear power) are at Russia's mercy. Turkey itself receives roughly 60% of its natural gas from Russia. When completed, the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (bringing Azerbaijani gas to the Balkans and Italy via Turkey) will alleviate the problem, but it will still be a trickle compared with the total that Russia ships to the West (Gazprom exports 158 billion cubic meters of gas to Europe and Turkey and it won't be until 2026 that the new pipeline will transport 30 billion cubic meters). Of course, the imbalance of power in Europe began with the end of World War II, when suddenly two of the winners (Britain and France) realized that their empires were disintegrating while the Soviet Union was becoming a nuclear superpower. But back then at least the western powers did not depend on Soviet gas and oil. In a sense, what is happening is a continuation of the decline of the west and of Turkey vis a vis with Russia.
1686: Russia and Poland sign a treaty of "eternal peace"
1687: A Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars
1689: A second Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars, a defeat that causes Sophia's downfall and the election of Pyotr/Peter "the Great" to czar, with his mother Natalya/Nathalie as regent
1697: Pyotr visits Western Europe 1699: Denmark, Poland and Russia attack Sweden, but Charles XII's army invades Poland, Saxony and Ukraine
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1718: Sweden's king Charles XII is killed in battle
1721: Danish colonists recolonize Greenland
1721: Sweden is defeated by an alliance of Denmark, Poland and Russia and loses most of its territory on the other side of the Baltic Sea (peace of Nystad)
1700: Russia and Turkey sign a peace treaty, granting Azov to Russia, and Russia allies with Poland against Sweden
1700: The patriarch Hadrian dies and Pyotr keeps the seat vacant for twenty years 1700: Russia adopts the Julian calendar
1701: The School of Mathematics and Navigation is inaugurated
1702: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Vedomosti/ News", edited by the czar in person
1703: Pyotr founds Sankt Peterburg (later renamed Petrograd)
1703: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Moskovskie-novosti/ News from Moscow"
1705: A revolt breaks out in Astrakhan
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden, leaving Russia to fight alone
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1707: Conrad Bulavin leads a rebellion of the Don cossacks
1707: The School of Medicine opens in Moscow
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1709: A canal is built to connect the Neva and the Volga
1710: Turkey declares war on Russia, while Russia captures Estonia from Sweden
1710: Pyotr introduces a simplified alphabet
1712: Pyotr moves the capital to St Petersburg
1712: Pyotr marries his lover Ekaterina, a Lithuanian Marta Elena Skavronaite of low origins
1714: Russian conquers most of Finland from Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1717: A Russia expedition is massacred in Khiva, Central Asia
1718: Russia defeats the Khazak horde
1721: at the peace of Nystad, Russia obtains from Sweden some of its Baltic territories (Estonia and Livonia) but returns most of Finland
1721: the Patriarchate is abolished, hermitages are banned and the Russian Church is subjected to the czar
1722: Pyotr defeats Persia
1722: Russia's population is 13 million
1724: The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded
1724: Pyotr has his second wife Ekaterina crowned empress
1725: Pyotr the Great dies and is succeeded by his second wife Ekaterina I who prevails over Pyotr's grandson Pyotr, Pyotr's daughters Anna and Elizaveta and Ivan V's daughters Anna and Ekaterina thanks to support from the Preobrazhensky guards
1725: Russia has 13 million people
1726: Ekaterina creates a Supreme Secret Council headed by Aleksandr Menshikov, who appoints himself "generalissimus"
1726: Russia and Austria sign a treaty of alliance
1727: Russia and China sign the treaty of Kyakhta, defining their border and granting Russia a trading post in Kyakhta
1727: Ekaterina I dies and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Pyotr's 12-year old grandson Pyotr II to succeed her with the council itself as regent and Pyotr II has Menshikov exiled
1728: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering sails beyond Kamchatka
1730: Pyotr II dies of smallpox at 15 and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Ivan V's daughter Anna to succeed him, a childless noble from Latvia, but Anna immediately disbands the council, exiles its members and appoints Germans to the top positions, starting with her lover Ernst von Biron who launches a terror campaign ("Bironovshchina")
1731: A new law grants landlords the financial control of their serfs
1732: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta falls in love with Alexey Razumovsky, a former cossack shepherd from the Ukraine and now a court singer
1732: Anna moves the court to the Winter Palace
1732: Alaska is discovered
1733: Russia and Austria fight against France in the War of the Polish Secession
1735: Russia and Austria defeat France in the War of the Polish Secession
1736: Russia and Austria fight against the Ottoman Empire and France
1739: Russia and Austria defeat the Ottoman Empire and France
1740: Anna dies and is succeeded by the infant Ivan VI while the power is de facto in the hands of the "German party"
1741: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering reaches Alaska
1741: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta stages a coup that removes the German party from power, exiles Ivan VI and installs her as czarina, with her lover Alexey Razumovsky as main advisor
1741: Russia, supported by Austria, fights against Sweden, supported by France
1742: An expedition of 570 scientists sets out to map the northern shore of Siberia
1742: Russia orders the deportation of all Jews
1743: Russia defeats Sweden and conquers additional Finnish territory
1745: Anna's son Pyotr marries the princess Sophia von Anhalt-Zerbst, the daughter of a Prussian general, who converts to Eastern Orthodoxy and adopts the name Ekaterina
1753: Elizaveta commissions a new grandiose Winter Palace in St Petersburg
1755: The scientist Mikhail Lomonosov with help from Elizaveta's new favorite Ivan Shuvalov, founds the Moscow State University, the first Russian university
1755: The first Russian grammar is published by Lomonosov
1756: Friederich II of Prussia invades Saxony, starting the Seven Years' War, pitting France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and Spain against Prussia and Britain
1762: Elizaveta dies and the new czar Pyotr III, a son of the "German" czarina Anna raised by Germans, switches alliance, joining (and saving) Prussia
Jun 1762: Ekaterina II stages a coup against her husband Pyotr III and becomes czarina
1762: Nobility is freed from the obligation to serve the czar and many noblemen are awarded country estates with thousands of serfs 1
762: Russia has 19 million people
1763: Ekaterina enacts reforms that spread serfdom to the Ukraine
1764: Ivan VI is killed by the guards when conspirators tried to free him from prison
1764: Ekaterina expropriates the last lands owned by the Church
1767: Ekaterina enacts reforms inspired by the French Enlightenment but retains serfdom
1768: Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland
1768: Russia invades Ottoman territories in Bessarabia, the Balkans and the Crimean peninsula
1770: The Russian navy defeats the Ottoman navy at the Bay of Chesme, the first major naval victory by Russia
1772: a renegade cossack, Pugachev, leads a revolt
1772: The Jews of Poland are allowed to remain in what is now Russian territory
1772: a Polish rebellion is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria, obtaining White Russia and Latvia
1773: Emelian Pugachev, who proclaims himself emperor Pyotr III, leads a cossack rebellion along the Ural river that becomes a mass rebellion by serfs, miners and workers, promising the extermination of nobles and landlords
1773: Ekaterina ends the religious persecution of the Muslim Tatars
1774: Pugachev is defeated and executed
1774: The Russians defeat the Ottomans and obtain cities of the Black Sea and Caucasus, the first time that the Ottoman Empire loses Muslim subjects to a Christian power
1774: Grigori Potemkin's becomes Ekaterina's new lover and chief advisor
1775: Ekaterina enacts reforms to decentralize power to the provinces
1776: The Bolshoi Ballet is founded
1776: Ekaterina becomes famous for her yearly changes of favorite, but Potemkin remains the most powerful man in Russia
1779: Russia annexes the Crimea
1783: Ekaterina grants the right for everybody to open a publishing house, causing a boom in book publishing
1787: The Ottomans declare war on Russia, with Sweden supporting the Ottomans and Austria supporting Russia
1789: Nikolai Sheremetev owns one million serfs
1790: Russia's population is 36 million
1791: Jews are permitted to settle in some regions of Russia
1792: Russia defeats the Ottomans and obtains Southern Ukraine with the Dniester as the new border
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia , obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania 1794: Russia and Prussia invade Poland again to quell a national uprising
1794: Russia builds the port of Odessa in the southern Ukraine conquered from the Ottomans
1795: A third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1796: Ekaterina the Great dies and is succeeded by her son Pavel
1796: Russia has 36 million people, 96% living in the countryside and 53% being serfs
1797: Pavel I enacts a succession law that automatically proclams as czar the oldest surviving male of a deceased czar
1798: Russia sends troops under general Suvorov to fight France in Italy, and Pavel is proclaimed Grand Master by the Knights of Malta after France invades Malta
1800: Russian troops retreat from Italy to southern Germany
1801: Eastern Georgia asks to be annexed to Russia
1802: Pavel is assassinated by nobles just when he had ordered a cossack invasion of India and Alexander I becomes czar
1803: Moldavia and Wallachia princes loyal to Russia
1804: Persia declares war on Russia following Russia's annexaction of Georgia
1806: Russia and Britain declare war on the Ottomans
1808: Russia establishes the colony of Noviiy Rossiya in California
1809: Russia invades Sweden and Sweden cedes Finland to Russia
1810: Russia defeats the Ottomans and acquires Bessarabia
1812: the Russians defeat the Ottomans and annex Bessarabia (Moldovia) at the Peace of Bucharest
1812: Napoleon invades Russia and Russians burn Moscow
1813: Iran loses the war against Russia and recognizes Russian rule over Georgia and Azerbajan in the Caucasus (Treaty of Gulistan)
1814: Napoleon is defeated
1815: The population of Russia is 45 million
1820: Alexander's brother Constantine marries a Polish and renounces any right to the Russian throne
1821: Thaddeus Belingshausen discovers the Antarctic continent
1822: the ban on hermitages is repealed and a hermitage is built at Optina Pustyn
1822: Czar Alexander outlaws Masonry and all secret societies
1824: A treaty with the USA grants Oregon to the USA
1825: A treaty with Britain defines the borders of Russian Alaska
Dec 1825: Alexander I
1825 dies and is succeeded by Nicholas I against the supporters of Constantine, while the "Decembrist" revolt by aristocratic army officers who wants constitutionalism and abolish serfdom fails
Jun 1826: Russia fights a second war against Persia over Georgia 1
826: Five decembrists are executed
Oct 1827: Britain, France and Russia defeat Egypt at the battle of Navarino
Feb 1828: Iran loses Armenia, and Russia annexes Armenia and Azerbaijan
Apr 1828: Russia attacks the Ottomans 1
829: Russia defeats the Ottomans, gains control of Moldavia and Wallachia, and helps Serbia and Greece become independent
Nov 1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: The "Slavophiles" preach the superiority and historical mission of the Russian Orthodox church
1831: Cholera epidemics
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
1833: Russia, Austria and Prussia sign treaties of alliance 1
834: Imam Shamil leads anti-Russian resistance in the North Caucasus
1835: A new code of law is enacted
1838: The first Russian railway is inaugurated
1839: The Pulkovo observatory opens in St Petersburg
1841: Russia, Britain, France, Austria and Prussia at the Straits Convention agree to ban all warships from the Ottoman straits, thus confining the southern Russian fleet to the Black Sea
1842: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin leaves Russia for Western Europe
1847: The revolutionary Alexander Herzen flees abroad
1848: Russian troops defeat the Romanian revolution in Moldavia and Wallachia
1849: Russia helps Austria defeat a nationalist revolt in Hungary 1849: Dostoevsky is jailed for subversive activities
1849: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is arrested in Germany and imprisoned in Russia
1851: The population of Russia is 67 million
Oct 1853: Russia and the Ottoman empire begin the Crimean war
Mar 1854: Britain and France join the Ottomans against Russia in the Crimean war
1854: Russia annexes Khazakstan
1855: Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations
Mar 1855: Nicholas I dies and is succeeded by Alexander II
Mar 1856: Russia's Black Sea fleet is destroyed and the treaty of Paris that ends the Crimean War gives the Ottomans a protectorate over Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia
1858: Russia and China sign a border treaty
1859: Dostoevsky is released from detention
1859: Russia conquers Shamil, the headquarters of Muslim resistance in the Caucasus, and annexes Chechnya while thousands of Muslims migrate to Turkey
1860: Russia and China sign a border treaty that grants Russia the coast around the newly founded city of Vladivostok
Mar 1861: Alexander II abolishes serfdom, granting freedom to 20 million serfs and land to peasant communes
1861: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin escapes from Siberia and returns to Western Europe
1861: University students protest against the government
1863: Russian ships help the Union win the civil war in the USA
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1863: Nikolay Chernyshevsky publishes the political pamphlet "What is to be done" from prison Jan
1864: Alexander II democratizes local government via the "zemstvo system", but representation is still proportional to landownership
Dec 1864: Alexander II enacts a reform of the legal system that makes the judiciary an independent branch of government
1864: Alexander II reorganizes military service, extending the draft to all Russians (not just the lower classes)
1864: Russia signs a treaty border with China that opens Central Asia to Russian expansion and also begins to expand into Iran's central Asian provinces
1865: Russia conquers Tashkent 1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1866: the Ottoman protectorates of Moldavia and Wallachia unite in the federation of Romania
1866: The State Bank of Russia is created
1867: the USA buys Alaska from Russia
1868: Russia conquers Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan
1869: Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements
1871: The first oil well is drilled in the Caucasus (near Baku)
1871: Abd al-Qayyim Nasiri/ Qayum Nasiri opens a school in the land of the Tatars to modernize Islam (the "Jadid" movement or "New Method") and creates the Tatar alphabet
1873: Russia annexes Uzbekistan 1873: Russia recalls all the students who are in Switzerland
1875: Russia exchanges with Japan the Kurile Islands for the island of Sakhalin
1876: The revolutionary society "Land and Freedom" is founded
1876: Bulgarians rebel against the Ottomans and Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, with help from Russian volunteers
1877: Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire to defend Bulgaria and Serbia
1878: Russia defeats the Ottomans, but is stopped by Britain to protect its route to Indiaand to prevent uprisings by Indian Muslims, and the Congress of Berlin hands Cyprus to Britain and Bosnia to Austria, grants Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania independence and creates an autonomous Christian principality of Bulgaria within the Ottoman Empire
1878: Ludwig Nobel introduces the first oil tanker in the Caucasus
1879: A leftist fringe of "Land and Freedom" founds the revolutionary society "Will of the People"
1881: Persia loses Turkmenistan to Russia
1881: Alexander II is assassinated by nihilists of "Will of the People" and is succeeded by Alexander III, who enacts anti-terrorism laws that curb civil rights and freedom of the press
1881: A wave of anti-Jewish pogroms causes mass migrations of eastern European Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)
1882: Russia abandons Turkestan which is annexed by China
1882: Youstol Dispage Fromscaruffi dies 1883: Alphonse Rothschild, a French Jew, loans money to build a railroad to Baku
1883: The Crimean Tatar Ismail Gasprinski founds the journal Tarjuman, the main vehicle for the Jadid movement
1884: Russia conquers Merv (Turkmenistan)
1884: Alexander III bans student organizations
1885: Russians and British compete for control of Central Asia, turning Britain into an enemy of Russia
1886: The Rothschild family founds the Black Sea Pyotroleum Company
1887: Alexander III introduces a quota for Jewish students in universities
1887: Ludwik Zamenhof invents esperanto 1888: The railway from Krasnovodsk to Samarqand is inaugurated
1890: The population of St Petersburg is 1,033,600
1890: Alexander III reorganizes the zemstvo system so that the aristocratic landowners prevail (zemstvo counter-reform) 1
891: The great famine kills 500,000 people
1891: USA oil accounts for 78% of illuminating oil exports vs 29% of Russia
1892: Sergei Witte minister of finance and launches an ambitious program of industrialization
1892: Marcus Samuel, a British Jew, introduces an oil tanker that can sail through the Suez canal to Bangkok
1892: Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus
1894: Alexander III dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Nicholas II 1
894: France and Russia sign an alliance 1895: Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) is arrested for revolutionary activities
1896: China grants Russia permission to build the Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria to Vladivostok
1898: Marxists groups unite in the Social Democratic Labour Party, while strikes and student riots spread
1898: Russia expands in northern China
1898: Konstantin Stanislavsky's Moscow Art Theater stages Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull"
1898: China grants Russia a lease for Port Arthur in Manchuria
1899: Russia enacts reforms to "Russificate" Finland
1900: The population of Russia passes the 100 million mark and Moscow passes one million, and there are now two million industrial workers
1901: Tolstoj is excommunicated by the Russian church for advocating the true spirit of the gospels and separation from the state
1901: Radical Marxists organize the Social Revolutionary Party
1901: The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicates Lev Tolstoy
1902: Social Revolutionaries carry out political assassinations
1903: Sergei Witte is dismissed by Nicholas II
1903: Maksim Gorky's play "The Lower Depths" stages thieves, prostitutes and tramps
1903: The Social Democratic Labour Party splits into Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Ulianov "Lenin") and Mensheviks (led by Julius Martov)
1903: A pogrom in Kishinev
1904: the Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed
Feb 1904: Japan attacks Russia in Manchuria and Korea
May 1905: after Japan destroys the Russian fleet at the battle of Tsushima, Russia withdraws from Manchuria, loses Sakhalin, and recognizes a Japanese protectorate over Korea (treaty of Portsmouth), the first time that a non-European country defeats a European power
Jan 1905: Cossacks fire on peaceful protesters led by priest Georgy Gapon in St Petersburg
1905: Protesters march on the Winter Palace and "soviets" (worker's councils) are set up
Oct 1905: responding to a general strike, Czar Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a sort of constitution that establishes Russia's first parliament (Duma)
1905: Nicholas II falls under the spell of Rasputin, a Siberian peasant who pretended to be a healer and a prophet
1905: Leon Trotsky develops the theory of "Permanent Revolution"
1905: The liberals organize the Cadets Party that favors a constitutional democracy
May 1906: The first duma convenes, with the largest block being won by the Cadets (38%)
1906: The Orenburg-Tashkent railway is inaugurated leading to a boom in Russian colonization of Turkestan
Aug 1906: The czar dissolves the duma
1906: More than 1,400 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
1906: Vsevolod Meyerhold produces Aleksandr Blok's play "Balaganchik" 1
907: Britain and Russia sign a treaty (Convention of St Petersburg) dividing Iran, Tibet, Central Asia and Afghanistan into respective spheres of influence
1907: More than 3,000 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
Mar 1907: The second duma convenes, with a big increase for the leftist parties
Jun 1907: The czar dissolves the second duma and changes the electoral law so that the aristocratic landowners win 50% of the seats, and the Right becomes the main party, followed by the Octobrists
1909: Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev founds the "Ballets Russes" in Paris
1910: The population of St Petersburg is 1,905,600
Nov 1910: Lev Tolstoy dies, possibly the most famous writer in the world
1911: Russia invades the northern provinces of Iran
1911: Igor Stravinsky composes the ballet "Petrushka", choreographed by Mikhail Fokine for Diaghilev with Vaslav Nijinsky as lead dancer
1911: Success of the "Amazons", female avantgarde painters (Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Varvara Stepanova, and Nadezhda Udaltsov)
1912: The elections to the duma are rigged to reduce the Octobrists 1912: Turkestan's cotton accounts for more than 60% of all Russian cotton
1913: Aleksei Kruchenykh writes a libretto in zaum language and Malevich designes the stage for Mikhail Matyushin cubist-futurist opera "Victory Over the Sun"
1914: World War I breaks out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, USA and Japan against Austria, Germany and Turkey (400,000 Russian soldiers die in 1914 alone)
1914: Lenin publishes the pamphlet "Imperialism: the highest stage of Capitalism"
1914: St Petersburg's name is changed to Petrograd
1915: At the Zimmerwald Conference, Vladimir Lenin causes the end of the Second International
1915: Vladimir Tatlin's art launches "Constructivism" in Russia
1915: Kazimir Malevich's art launches "Suprematism" in Russia
1916: Grigori Rasputin is murdered by a prince
1916: Russia has already suffered almost two million deaths in WWI Mar
1917: Bending to riots by women, striking workers and defecting soldiers, Czar Nicholas II abdicates, thereby ending the Romanov dynasty ("february revolution")
1917: Aleksandr Kerensky is appointed by the Duma as prime minister of the provisional government
1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Kerensky government and install Lenin as leader of Russia ("october revolution")
Nov 1917: Muslims declare Turkestan independent
Dec 1917: Lenin sets up the terrorist police Cheka
Jul 1918: Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their children are killed by the secret police of the Bolsheviks
1918: The Svomas (Free State Art Studios) are inaugurated in Moscow
1918: Vladimir Mayakovsky's futurist play "Misteriya-Buff" is produced by Vsevolod Meyerhold with sets designed by Kazimir Malevich
1918: Lenin orders the secret police to arrest and/or kill the anarchists
1918: Lenin signs a truce with Germany and accepts territorial losses 1918: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan proclaim their independence
Feb 1918: Russia reconquers Turkestan
1918: Lenin nationalizes the factories, collectivizes the farms and outlaws the church
1918: Civil war erupts between the Red Army of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks (helped by Britain, Japan, USA)
1918: Lenin changes the name of the Bolshevik party to Russian Communist Party
1918: Moscow replaces St Petersburg as capital of Russia 1918: at the end of World War I, Romania gains Transylvania from Hungary and Bessarabia (Moldavia) from the Soviet Union thus doubling in size
Jun 1918: The Soviet Union begins to nationalize the industry
1919: the Armenian mystic Georges Gurdjieff establishes the "Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man"
Mar 1919: The first congress of the Third International convenes in Moscow
1919: China invades Mongolia
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army and Poland annexes western Ukraine and Belarus N
ov 1920: The British evacuate the Crimea and 150 thousand Russian refugees flee to British-controlled Istanbul
1921: The civil war ends with Lenin's victory (millions have died of starvation, the population of Petrograd has dropped from 2.5 million in 1917 to 0.6 in 1920)
Aug 1921: Persecuted by the authorities, the poet Blok dies
Feb 1921: Peasant riots and worker strikes spread in the Soviet Union
Mar 1921: following the insurrection of sailors at Kronstadt, Lenin enacts the New Economic Policy (NEP)
1921: the Mongolian communists expel the Chinese from Mongolia and install a dictatorship
1921: UKraine is annexed to the Soviet Union
1922: The Soviet Union is created by uniting Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbajan)
1923: The Soviet Union makes Khiva a separate republic
1924: The Soviet Union reorganizes the Islamic lands of Turkestan into four republics, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
1924: The Soviet Union adopts a constitution based on the dictatorship of the proletariat
May 1924: A treaty confirms Mongolia into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union
Jan 1924: Lenin dies and is succeeded by Joseph Stalin, while the congress of the Community Party accepts Stalin's "communist in one country" policy against Trotsky's "permanent revolution" policy
Nov 1925: The poet Esenin commits suicide
1927: The Soviet Union launches a compaign of eradication of Islam
1927: The Soviet Union establishes the State University of Circus and Variety Arts to train performers for the Moscow Circus
1928: Stalin enacts the first Five-Year Plan for rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union
1928: The Soviet Union launches a campaign of forced sedentarization and collectivization of the Kazakh nomads
1929: Leon Bronstein (Lev Trotsky), who opposes Stalin, is deported to Turkey
1929: Muslim religious leaders are arrested or killed
Dec 1929: Stalin orders the persecution of "kulaks" (capitalist farmers), 15 million peasants are deported to the Arctic regions and 6.5 million die
1930: The poet Mayakovsky commits suicide
1931: the Soviet government destroys the Christ the Savior Cathedral
1932: one million people in Kazakhstan die of famine (caused by forced collectivization)
1932: anti-communist rebellion in Mongolia
1933: Four million people in Ukraine die of famine (caused by forced collectivization) 1
933: The USA recognizes the Soviet Union and establishes diplomatic relations
1934: Stalin's main advisor, Sergei Kirov, is assassinated, prompting Stalin to begin the "great purge" of the Communist Party (thousands of communists are deported to "gulags")
1934: The "Union of Soviet Writers" is created to enforce "Socialist Realism" in the arts
1934: The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations
1935: the miner Aleksej Stakanov becomes a Soviet hero for his amazing productivity
1935: 94% of agricultural land has been collectivized while famine is killing millions
1935: The Soviet Union declares that the fascist states of Germany and Japan are the enemies
1936: the first show trial against communist leaders is held in Moscow (the defendants "confess")
Jan 1936: Stalin writes an article in the Pravda that attacks Shostakovic's opera "Lady Macbeth", the beginning of the anti-formalist campaign
1937: 2.5 million Soviet citizens are arrested and 700,000 are executed during the "great purges"
1938: Nicholas Bukharin "confesses" treason at a show trial
1938: the communist regime of Mongolia destroys 900 temples and kills thousands of Buddhists
Dec 1938: The poet Mandelstam commits suicide
1939: Laurenti Beria becomes head of the secret police
Aug 1939: The Soviet Union and Japan fight a border war at Nomonhan that leaves 18 thousand Japanese dead
1939: Stalin and Hitler sign a non-aggression pact including the partition of Poland (and assigns the Baltic states to the Soviet Union)
Lithuania: 1654: Russia declares war on Poland and captures Minsk and Vilna
1655: Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania ("First Northern War"), causing the death of millions, while Russia, Denmark, and the Empireside with Poland-Lithuania
1660: Sweden is defeated by king Jan Kazimierz (end of the first Northern War)
1667: Ukraine is divided along the Dnieper between Poland-Lithuania and Moscow (treaty of Andruszowo)
1672: the Ottomans invade southern Ukraine
1683: Vienna, under siege by the Ottomans, is saved by the Polish-Lithuanian army
1697: Augustus, the Elector of Saxony, is elected king of Poland-Lithuania, and Poland is virtually united with Saxony
1700: Poland declares war on Sweden, and Russia allies with Poland
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1721: Sweden surrenders Estonia to Russia
1742: Slesia is annexed by the German Empire
1764: Stanislaw Poniatowski, supported by Russia's empress (and former lover) Ekaterina, becomes king of Poland, thereby ending the union with Saxony
1772: the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia, Lvev, Krakow)
1791: the Polish parliament ratifies a democratic constitution
1792: Ekaterina of Russia instigates a rebellion against the constitution
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia, obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania while Prussia obtains Danzig
1794: Polish hero Tadeusz Kosciuszko starts a national uprising for Polish independence, but Russia and Prussia invade the country
1795: a third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1807: Napoleon defeats Prussia and creates a Duchy of Warszaw
1815: at the Congress of Vienna the Duchy of Warszaw is partitioned among Russia, Austria and Prussia and the Russian tsar Alexander I grants semi-autonomy to the "Congress Kingdom" of Poland Nov
1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: Poland declares its independence but Russia invades it
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1890: millions of Poles emigrate to the United States
1914: Jozef Pilsudski organizes the "Polish Riflemen's League" that fights with the Austro-Hungarian empire and against Russia during World War I
1917: Russia grants independence to Poland, after the USA entered World War I listing Polish independence as one of the requirements
1918: Lithuania declares its independence from Russia
1919: at the treaty of Versailles the independence of Poland is recognized (with territory recovered from Austria and Germany) by the world powers and Pilsudski becomes its head of state
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army Poland annexes western Ukraine and western Belarus
1923: Poland regains Galicia
1926: Pilsudski proclaims himself dictator of Poland
1939: Stalin's Soviet Union and Hitler's Third Reich partition Poland
•World War II : •17/9/1939: the Soviet Union invades Poland 4/11/1939: the USA Congress passes a neutrality act 8/11/1939: and assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler in Munich fails 30/11/1939: the Soviet Union attacks Finland
.../..../...../
12/5/1943: German troops in the Crimea surrender to the Soviet Union 1943: Six million Poles (including three million Jews) are killed in Nazist death camps at Maidanek, Birkenau, and Auschwitz 2/10/1944: The Germans surrender in Warsaw after 200,000 people have been killed in two months 23/10/1944: the Soviet Union invades Germany 17/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Warsaw 27/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Auschwitz 23/4/1945: the Soviet Union enters Berlin 29/4/1945: the USA liberates the Dachau concentration camp 1/7/1945: USA, Britain and France enter Berlin 16/7/1945: the USA tests the first atomic bomb 16/7/1945: Truman, Stalin and Churchill meet at the Potsdam Conference to discuss post-war Europe 6/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima kills more than 100,000 civilians 8/8/1945: the Soviet Union attacks Japan killing 500,000 Japanese in two weeks 9/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki kills more than 100,000 civilians 24/10/1945: the winning power create the United Nations 1945: out of the 90,000 German soldiers who surrendered in Stalingrad, only 5,000 returned to Germany alive •
Deaths in World War II (Lithuania, Civilian Deaths Due to War:140,000 +30k military deaths + 140,000 Jews)(Germany, Civilian Deaths Due to War:780,000 + 3,500k military deaths + 170,000 Jews) (Poland, Civilian Deaths Due to War:5,675,000 +320k military deaths + 3,200,000 Jews) (Soviet Union, Civilian Deaths Due to War:3,000,000+4,000,000Ukrainians +12,000,000(+6,019,000 Ukrainians) military deaths + 1,000,000 Jews) died) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1939: World War II begins with the invasion of Poland by Germany World War II
1939: Soviet troops invade eastern Poland 1939: Russian aviator Igor Sikorsky invents the helicopter 1940: The Soviet Union invades Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 1940: Romania returns Bessarabia (Moldavia) to the Soviet Union 1940: Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico City 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union Aug 1941: The poetess Tsvetaeva/ Cvetaeva commits suicide 1943: The Soviet Union launches a counteroffensive 1944: Finland surrenders Karelia to the Soviet Union 1944: eastern Galicia is conquered by the Soviet Union and eventually annexed to Ukraine 1945: Germany surrenders 1945: At the Yalta conference the Soviet Union, Britain and the USA partition Europe in spheres of influence 1945: Germany and Berlin are divided in four sectors, soon to be come "western" and "easter" (Russian) sectors
1947: Vladislav Gomulka's Communists seize power in Poland 1955: The Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact to counterbalance NATO with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania 1956: Vladislav Gomulka is released from jail and becomes the leader of the reformists in the Communist Party Jun 1956: Workers riot in Poznan demanding "Bread and Freedom" and the police kills 300 of them March 1968: Students demonstrate in Poland December 1970: Workers strike in the Baltic towns 1974: The Polish geneticist Waclaw Szybalski coins the term "synthetic biology" 1978: the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II, first non-Italian Pope in centuries 1979: Pope John Paul II visits Poland and supports the anti-communist movement 1980: Lech Walesa of Solidarnosch leads Polish workers in a strike 1989: In Poland the communist government and Solidarity agree to share power 1990: Lech Walesa elected president of Poland
2013: Ukraine's economy is smaller than it was in 1992, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union
2013: A quarter of all Russian men die before they are 55, mainly because of alcohol
2013: Oil and gas account for 75% of all Russian exports and 45% of what Russians buy is imported
Jan 2014: Latvia joins the eurozone
Feb 2014: Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders Vitali Klitschko (UDAR/Democratic Alliance for Reform), Arseniy Yatsenyuk (Batkivshchyna/ Fatherland Party) and Oleh Tyahnibok (Svoboda/Freedom Party) agree to hold early presidential elections after 88 protesters are killed and soon afterwards Yulia Tymoshenko is freed from jail and parliament votes to remove Yanukovych from power and replace him with Oleksandr Turchynov, a close Tymoshenko ally
Feb 2014: Russia's defense minister Sergei Shoigu announces that Russia plans to increase its military presence abroad, including in Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua
Mar 2014: Russia annexes Ukraine's Crimea
Mar 2014: The USA arrests Ukrainian tycoon Dmitry Firtash for having paid bribes to the Indian government
May 2014: Ukraine's tycoon Petro Poroshenko is elected president while dozens of people are killed in riots between pro- and anti-Russian groups in Ukraine
1995: Sweden and Finland join the European Union 1996: Goeran Persson becomes prime minister of Sweden 2000: a bridge is inaugurated linking Malmo in Sweden and Copenhagen in Denmark 2000: The longest road tunnel in the world opens in Norway, the Laerdal Tunnel 2002: Finland adopts the euro 2006 Muslims riot worldwide because the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published comic cartoons about Mohammed, the founder of Islam 2006: Fredrik Reinfeldt becomes prime minister of Sweden Nov 2007: An 18-year-old student (Pekka-Eric Auvinen) goes a gun rampage at his school in Tuusula, killing seven pupils, a teacher and himself ("Jokela school massacre") 2008: An armed student kills nine people at a college in Finland Oct 2008: Iceland's three main banks collapse and leave the country virtually bankrupt 2009: Iceland elects the first openly gay head of state in the world, Johanna Sigurdardottir Dec 2009: A 43-year-old man (Ibrahim Shkupolli) goes a gun rampage in the southern city of Espoo, killing five people Dec 2010: A Muslim dies trying to carry out a suicide attack in Stockholm, Sweden Dec 2010: Danish authorities prevent a terrorist attack by Muslims who wanted to kill as many people as possible in the building of a newspaper that published cart
Labai įdomus diaris, tik abejoju, kad kas nors jį skaitys. Būtų užtekę nuorodos.
Beje Pyotr marries his lover Ekaterina, a Lithuanian of low origins 1714 buvo Marta Elena Skavronaite,, taigi Romanovų dinastijai įlietas lietuviškas kraujas.
____________________
Sielos polėkis, išmokantis skrist -
Galimybės ribotos, bet pasiryžęs bandyt.
Pink Floyd - Learning to Fly
Laikinai dabar nebebus galima pasiekti dienoraščių, taigi jei ne-per-ilgi, laikinai dienoraščius post'inkite čia:
autorius:Silentist, dienoraštis: Scandinavia Vs. Russia, data: 2014-06-23:
The West and Russia. There is a historical perspective that is often missing in analysis of contemporary Russia. Napoleon's France invaded Russia in the 19th century. Hitler's Germany invaded Russia in the 20th century. Both failed miserably. The British empire fought "the big game" with Russia in Central Asia and lost all of it. The Ottoman Empire fought many wars against Russia, but eventually disintegrated, replaced by the modern state of Turkey. Britain, France, Germany and Turkey have declined and are still military "powers" only because they are allied with the most powerful of all military powers, the USA. Their influence can still be felt here and there but overall they are not even remotely what they used to be. In fact, today's Germany is so pacifist that its weak army would not be able to stop a Russian invasion. Germany's "life insurance" is Poland: Russia would have to invade Poland first and that would not be easy. Therefore Russia's historical enemies are all much weaker in military terms. Russia, on the other hand, is still the second nuclear power in the world and still the largest country in the world. Based on today's forces, Russia would win all the wars that it lost in the last 500 years. But of course the Europeans would counter that the European Union as a whole still matters, and is as strong as Britain or France were back in the old days of the empires. This may be true when the European Union works, but recently the European Union has been an ungovernable mess that is struggling to keep itself together, and therefore has very little desire or power to solve crises elsewhere. If the majority of Ukrainian people voted in a referendum to join the European Union, it would be the European Union the one to back out. Turkey is even less of a threat. Turkey is the country which has the longest Black Sea coast, right across from Ukraine, and Turkey controls traffic in the Black Sea through the Bosphorus, but Turkey has its own internal problems (the Kurdish minority and a corruption scandal involving the prime minister himself) and at least one external one (the civil war in neighboring Syria). It is unthinkable that Turkey would close the Bosphorus (through which Russia ships arms to Syria's dictator and Turkey's enemy Assad, and through which three million barrels of oil transit every day). At the same time, Western Europe and Turkey have never been so dependent economically on Russia. Almost 40% of all European Union's natural gas imports come from Russia. The entire supply of natural gas in Finland and the Baltic states comes from Russia (100%). Eastern Europe is also heavily dependent on Russian gas. And the biggest importers (in absolute value) are Germany and Italy. Most eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech republic, Slovakia, Ukraine itself) produce nuclear energy, but western European countries like Italy (that don't have any nuclear power) are at Russia's mercy. Turkey itself receives roughly 60% of its natural gas from Russia. When completed, the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (bringing Azerbaijani gas to the Balkans and Italy via Turkey) will alleviate the problem, but it will still be a trickle compared with the total that Russia ships to the West (Gazprom exports 158 billion cubic meters of gas to Europe and Turkey and it won't be until 2026 that the new pipeline will transport 30 billion cubic meters). Of course, the imbalance of power in Europe began with the end of World War II, when suddenly two of the winners (Britain and France) realized that their empires were disintegrating while the Soviet Union was becoming a nuclear superpower. But back then at least the western powers did not depend on Soviet gas and oil. In a sense, what is happening is a continuation of the decline of the west and of Turkey vis a vis with Russia.
1686: Russia and Poland sign a treaty of "eternal peace"
1687: A Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars
1689: A second Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars, a defeat that causes Sophia's downfall and the election of Pyotr/Peter "the Great" to czar, with his mother Natalya/Nathalie as regent
1697: Pyotr visits Western Europe 1699: Denmark, Poland and Russia attack Sweden, but Charles XII's army invades Poland, Saxony and Ukraine
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1718: Sweden's king Charles XII is killed in battle
1721: Danish colonists recolonize Greenland
1721: Sweden is defeated by an alliance of Denmark, Poland and Russia and loses most of its territory on the other side of the Baltic Sea (peace of Nystad)
1700: Russia and Turkey sign a peace treaty, granting Azov to Russia, and Russia allies with Poland against Sweden
1700: The patriarch Hadrian dies and Pyotr keeps the seat vacant for twenty years 1700: Russia adopts the Julian calendar
1701: The School of Mathematics and Navigation is inaugurated
1702: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Vedomosti/ News", edited by the czar in person
1703: Pyotr founds Sankt Peterburg (later renamed Petrograd)
1703: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Moskovskie-novosti/ News from Moscow"
1705: A revolt breaks out in Astrakhan
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden, leaving Russia to fight alone
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1707: Conrad Bulavin leads a rebellion of the Don cossacks
1707: The School of Medicine opens in Moscow
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1709: A canal is built to connect the Neva and the Volga
1710: Turkey declares war on Russia, while Russia captures Estonia from Sweden
1710: Pyotr introduces a simplified alphabet
1712: Pyotr moves the capital to St Petersburg
1712: Pyotr marries his lover Ekaterina, a Lithuanian Marta Elena Skavronaite of low origins
1714: Russian conquers most of Finland from Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1717: A Russia expedition is massacred in Khiva, Central Asia
1718: Russia defeats the Khazak horde
1721: at the peace of Nystad, Russia obtains from Sweden some of its Baltic territories (Estonia and Livonia) but returns most of Finland
1721: the Patriarchate is abolished, hermitages are banned and the Russian Church is subjected to the czar
1722: Pyotr defeats Persia
1722: Russia's population is 13 million
1724: The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded
1724: Pyotr has his second wife Ekaterina crowned empress
1725: Pyotr the Great dies and is succeeded by his second wife Ekaterina I who prevails over Pyotr's grandson Pyotr, Pyotr's daughters Anna and Elizaveta and Ivan V's daughters Anna and Ekaterina thanks to support from the Preobrazhensky guards
1725: Russia has 13 million people
1726: Ekaterina creates a Supreme Secret Council headed by Aleksandr Menshikov, who appoints himself "generalissimus"
1726: Russia and Austria sign a treaty of alliance
1727: Russia and China sign the treaty of Kyakhta, defining their border and granting Russia a trading post in Kyakhta
1727: Ekaterina I dies and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Pyotr's 12-year old grandson Pyotr II to succeed her with the council itself as regent and Pyotr II has Menshikov exiled
1728: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering sails beyond Kamchatka
1730: Pyotr II dies of smallpox at 15 and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Ivan V's daughter Anna to succeed him, a childless noble from Latvia, but Anna immediately disbands the council, exiles its members and appoints Germans to the top positions, starting with her lover Ernst von Biron who launches a terror campaign ("Bironovshchina")
1731: A new law grants landlords the financial control of their serfs
1732: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta falls in love with Alexey Razumovsky, a former cossack shepherd from the Ukraine and now a court singer
1732: Anna moves the court to the Winter Palace
1732: Alaska is discovered
1733: Russia and Austria fight against France in the War of the Polish Secession
1735: Russia and Austria defeat France in the War of the Polish Secession
1736: Russia and Austria fight against the Ottoman Empire and France
1739: Russia and Austria defeat the Ottoman Empire and France
1740: Anna dies and is succeeded by the infant Ivan VI while the power is de facto in the hands of the "German party"
1741: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering reaches Alaska
1741: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta stages a coup that removes the German party from power, exiles Ivan VI and installs her as czarina, with her lover Alexey Razumovsky as main advisor
1741: Russia, supported by Austria, fights against Sweden, supported by France
1742: An expedition of 570 scientists sets out to map the northern shore of Siberia
1742: Russia orders the deportation of all Jews
1743: Russia defeats Sweden and conquers additional Finnish territory
1745: Anna's son Pyotr marries the princess Sophia von Anhalt-Zerbst, the daughter of a Prussian general, who converts to Eastern Orthodoxy and adopts the name Ekaterina
1753: Elizaveta commissions a new grandiose Winter Palace in St Petersburg
1755: The scientist Mikhail Lomonosov with help from Elizaveta's new favorite Ivan Shuvalov, founds the Moscow State University, the first Russian university
1755: The first Russian grammar is published by Lomonosov
1756: Friederich II of Prussia invades Saxony, starting the Seven Years' War, pitting France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and Spain against Prussia and Britain
1762: Elizaveta dies and the new czar Pyotr III, a son of the "German" czarina Anna raised by Germans, switches alliance, joining (and saving) Prussia
Jun 1762: Ekaterina II stages a coup against her husband Pyotr III and becomes czarina
1762: Nobility is freed from the obligation to serve the czar and many noblemen are awarded country estates with thousands of serfs 1
762: Russia has 19 million people
1763: Ekaterina enacts reforms that spread serfdom to the Ukraine
1764: Ivan VI is killed by the guards when conspirators tried to free him from prison
1764: Ekaterina expropriates the last lands owned by the Church
1767: Ekaterina enacts reforms inspired by the French Enlightenment but retains serfdom
1768: Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland
1768: Russia invades Ottoman territories in Bessarabia, the Balkans and the Crimean peninsula
1770: The Russian navy defeats the Ottoman navy at the Bay of Chesme, the first major naval victory by Russia
1772: a renegade cossack, Pugachev, leads a revolt
1772: The Jews of Poland are allowed to remain in what is now Russian territory
1772: a Polish rebellion is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria, obtaining White Russia and Latvia
1773: Emelian Pugachev, who proclaims himself emperor Pyotr III, leads a cossack rebellion along the Ural river that becomes a mass rebellion by serfs, miners and workers, promising the extermination of nobles and landlords
1773: Ekaterina ends the religious persecution of the Muslim Tatars
1774: Pugachev is defeated and executed
1774: The Russians defeat the Ottomans and obtain cities of the Black Sea and Caucasus, the first time that the Ottoman Empire loses Muslim subjects to a Christian power
1774: Grigori Potemkin's becomes Ekaterina's new lover and chief advisor
1775: Ekaterina enacts reforms to decentralize power to the provinces
1776: The Bolshoi Ballet is founded
1776: Ekaterina becomes famous for her yearly changes of favorite, but Potemkin remains the most powerful man in Russia
1779: Russia annexes the Crimea
1783: Ekaterina grants the right for everybody to open a publishing house, causing a boom in book publishing
1787: The Ottomans declare war on Russia, with Sweden supporting the Ottomans and Austria supporting Russia
1789: Nikolai Sheremetev owns one million serfs
1790: Russia's population is 36 million
1791: Jews are permitted to settle in some regions of Russia
1792: Russia defeats the Ottomans and obtains Southern Ukraine with the Dniester as the new border
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia , obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania 1794: Russia and Prussia invade Poland again to quell a national uprising
1794: Russia builds the port of Odessa in the southern Ukraine conquered from the Ottomans
1795: A third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1796: Ekaterina the Great dies and is succeeded by her son Pavel
1796: Russia has 36 million people, 96% living in the countryside and 53% being serfs
1797: Pavel I enacts a succession law that automatically proclams as czar the oldest surviving male of a deceased czar
1798: Russia sends troops under general Suvorov to fight France in Italy, and Pavel is proclaimed Grand Master by the Knights of Malta after France invades Malta
1800: Russian troops retreat from Italy to southern Germany
1801: Eastern Georgia asks to be annexed to Russia
1802: Pavel is assassinated by nobles just when he had ordered a cossack invasion of India and Alexander I becomes czar
1803: Moldavia and Wallachia princes loyal to Russia
1804: Persia declares war on Russia following Russia's annexaction of Georgia
1806: Russia and Britain declare war on the Ottomans
1808: Russia establishes the colony of Noviiy Rossiya in California
1809: Russia invades Sweden and Sweden cedes Finland to Russia
1810: Russia defeats the Ottomans and acquires Bessarabia
1812: the Russians defeat the Ottomans and annex Bessarabia (Moldovia) at the Peace of Bucharest
1812: Napoleon invades Russia and Russians burn Moscow
1813: Iran loses the war against Russia and recognizes Russian rule over Georgia and Azerbajan in the Caucasus (Treaty of Gulistan)
1814: Napoleon is defeated
1815: The population of Russia is 45 million
1820: Alexander's brother Constantine marries a Polish and renounces any right to the Russian throne
1821: Thaddeus Belingshausen discovers the Antarctic continent
1822: the ban on hermitages is repealed and a hermitage is built at Optina Pustyn
1822: Czar Alexander outlaws Masonry and all secret societies
1824: A treaty with the USA grants Oregon to the USA
1825: A treaty with Britain defines the borders of Russian Alaska
Dec 1825: Alexander I
1825 dies and is succeeded by Nicholas I against the supporters of Constantine, while the "Decembrist" revolt by aristocratic army officers who wants constitutionalism and abolish serfdom fails
Jun 1826: Russia fights a second war against Persia over Georgia 1
826: Five decembrists are executed
Oct 1827: Britain, France and Russia defeat Egypt at the battle of Navarino
Feb 1828: Iran loses Armenia, and Russia annexes Armenia and Azerbaijan
Apr 1828: Russia attacks the Ottomans 1
829: Russia defeats the Ottomans, gains control of Moldavia and Wallachia, and helps Serbia and Greece become independent
Nov 1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: The "Slavophiles" preach the superiority and historical mission of the Russian Orthodox church
1831: Cholera epidemics
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
1833: Russia, Austria and Prussia sign treaties of alliance 1
834: Imam Shamil leads anti-Russian resistance in the North Caucasus
1835: A new code of law is enacted
1838: The first Russian railway is inaugurated
1839: The Pulkovo observatory opens in St Petersburg
1841: Russia, Britain, France, Austria and Prussia at the Straits Convention agree to ban all warships from the Ottoman straits, thus confining the southern Russian fleet to the Black Sea
1842: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin leaves Russia for Western Europe
1847: The revolutionary Alexander Herzen flees abroad
1848: Russian troops defeat the Romanian revolution in Moldavia and Wallachia
1849: Russia helps Austria defeat a nationalist revolt in Hungary 1849: Dostoevsky is jailed for subversive activities
1849: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is arrested in Germany and imprisoned in Russia
1851: The population of Russia is 67 million
Oct 1853: Russia and the Ottoman empire begin the Crimean war
Mar 1854: Britain and France join the Ottomans against Russia in the Crimean war
1854: Russia annexes Khazakstan
1855: Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations
Mar 1855: Nicholas I dies and is succeeded by Alexander II
Mar 1856: Russia's Black Sea fleet is destroyed and the treaty of Paris that ends the Crimean War gives the Ottomans a protectorate over Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia
1858: Russia and China sign a border treaty
1859: Dostoevsky is released from detention
1859: Russia conquers Shamil, the headquarters of Muslim resistance in the Caucasus, and annexes Chechnya while thousands of Muslims migrate to Turkey
1860: Russia and China sign a border treaty that grants Russia the coast around the newly founded city of Vladivostok
Mar 1861: Alexander II abolishes serfdom, granting freedom to 20 million serfs and land to peasant communes
1861: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin escapes from Siberia and returns to Western Europe
1861: University students protest against the government
1863: Russian ships help the Union win the civil war in the USA
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1863: Nikolay Chernyshevsky publishes the political pamphlet "What is to be done" from prison Jan
1864: Alexander II democratizes local government via the "zemstvo system", but representation is still proportional to landownership
Dec 1864: Alexander II enacts a reform of the legal system that makes the judiciary an independent branch of government
1864: Alexander II reorganizes military service, extending the draft to all Russians (not just the lower classes)
1864: Russia signs a treaty border with China that opens Central Asia to Russian expansion and also begins to expand into Iran's central Asian provinces
1865: Russia conquers Tashkent 1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1866: the Ottoman protectorates of Moldavia and Wallachia unite in the federation of Romania
1866: The State Bank of Russia is created
1867: the USA buys Alaska from Russia
1868: Russia conquers Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan
1869: Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements
1871: The first oil well is drilled in the Caucasus (near Baku)
1871: Abd al-Qayyim Nasiri/ Qayum Nasiri opens a school in the land of the Tatars to modernize Islam (the "Jadid" movement or "New Method") and creates the Tatar alphabet
1873: Russia annexes Uzbekistan 1873: Russia recalls all the students who are in Switzerland
1875: Russia exchanges with Japan the Kurile Islands for the island of Sakhalin
1876: The revolutionary society "Land and Freedom" is founded
1876: Bulgarians rebel against the Ottomans and Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, with help from Russian volunteers
1877: Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire to defend Bulgaria and Serbia
1878: Russia defeats the Ottomans, but is stopped by Britain to protect its route to Indiaand to prevent uprisings by Indian Muslims, and the Congress of Berlin hands Cyprus to Britain and Bosnia to Austria, grants Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania independence and creates an autonomous Christian principality of Bulgaria within the Ottoman Empire
1878: Ludwig Nobel introduces the first oil tanker in the Caucasus
1879: A leftist fringe of "Land and Freedom" founds the revolutionary society "Will of the People"
1881: Persia loses Turkmenistan to Russia
1881: Alexander II is assassinated by nihilists of "Will of the People" and is succeeded by Alexander III, who enacts anti-terrorism laws that curb civil rights and freedom of the press
1881: A wave of anti-Jewish pogroms causes mass migrations of eastern European Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)
1882: Russia abandons Turkestan which is annexed by China
1882: Youstol Dispage Fromscaruffi dies 1883: Alphonse Rothschild, a French Jew, loans money to build a railroad to Baku
1883: The Crimean Tatar Ismail Gasprinski founds the journal Tarjuman, the main vehicle for the Jadid movement
1884: Russia conquers Merv (Turkmenistan)
1884: Alexander III bans student organizations
1885: Russians and British compete for control of Central Asia, turning Britain into an enemy of Russia
1886: The Rothschild family founds the Black Sea Pyotroleum Company
1887: Alexander III introduces a quota for Jewish students in universities
1887: Ludwik Zamenhof invents esperanto 1888: The railway from Krasnovodsk to Samarqand is inaugurated
1890: The population of St Petersburg is 1,033,600
1890: Alexander III reorganizes the zemstvo system so that the aristocratic landowners prevail (zemstvo counter-reform) 1
891: The great famine kills 500,000 people
1891: USA oil accounts for 78% of illuminating oil exports vs 29% of Russia
1892: Sergei Witte minister of finance and launches an ambitious program of industrialization
1892: Marcus Samuel, a British Jew, introduces an oil tanker that can sail through the Suez canal to Bangkok
1892: Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus
1894: Alexander III dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Nicholas II 1
894: France and Russia sign an alliance 1895: Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) is arrested for revolutionary activities
1896: China grants Russia permission to build the Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria to Vladivostok
1898: Marxists groups unite in the Social Democratic Labour Party, while strikes and student riots spread
1898: Russia expands in northern China
1898: Konstantin Stanislavsky's Moscow Art Theater stages Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull"
1898: China grants Russia a lease for Port Arthur in Manchuria
1899: Russia enacts reforms to "Russificate" Finland
1900: The population of Russia passes the 100 million mark and Moscow passes one million, and there are now two million industrial workers
1901: Tolstoj is excommunicated by the Russian church for advocating the true spirit of the gospels and separation from the state
1901: Radical Marxists organize the Social Revolutionary Party
1901: The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicates Lev Tolstoy
1902: Social Revolutionaries carry out political assassinations
1903: Sergei Witte is dismissed by Nicholas II
1903: Maksim Gorky's play "The Lower Depths" stages thieves, prostitutes and tramps
1903: The Social Democratic Labour Party splits into Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Ulianov "Lenin") and Mensheviks (led by Julius Martov)
1903: A pogrom in Kishinev
1904: the Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed
Feb 1904: Japan attacks Russia in Manchuria and Korea
May 1905: after Japan destroys the Russian fleet at the battle of Tsushima, Russia withdraws from Manchuria, loses Sakhalin, and recognizes a Japanese protectorate over Korea (treaty of Portsmouth), the first time that a non-European country defeats a European power
Jan 1905: Cossacks fire on peaceful protesters led by priest Georgy Gapon in St Petersburg
1905: Protesters march on the Winter Palace and "soviets" (worker's councils) are set up
Oct 1905: responding to a general strike, Czar Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a sort of constitution that establishes Russia's first parliament (Duma)
1905: Nicholas II falls under the spell of Rasputin, a Siberian peasant who pretended to be a healer and a prophet
1905: Leon Trotsky develops the theory of "Permanent Revolution"
1905: The liberals organize the Cadets Party that favors a constitutional democracy
May 1906: The first duma convenes, with the largest block being won by the Cadets (38%)
1906: The Orenburg-Tashkent railway is inaugurated leading to a boom in Russian colonization of Turkestan
Aug 1906: The czar dissolves the duma
1906: More than 1,400 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
1906: Vsevolod Meyerhold produces Aleksandr Blok's play "Balaganchik" 1
907: Britain and Russia sign a treaty (Convention of St Petersburg) dividing Iran, Tibet, Central Asia and Afghanistan into respective spheres of influence
1907: More than 3,000 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
Mar 1907: The second duma convenes, with a big increase for the leftist parties
Jun 1907: The czar dissolves the second duma and changes the electoral law so that the aristocratic landowners win 50% of the seats, and the Right becomes the main party, followed by the Octobrists
1909: Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev founds the "Ballets Russes" in Paris
1910: The population of St Petersburg is 1,905,600
Nov 1910: Lev Tolstoy dies, possibly the most famous writer in the world
1911: Russia invades the northern provinces of Iran
1911: Igor Stravinsky composes the ballet "Petrushka", choreographed by Mikhail Fokine for Diaghilev with Vaslav Nijinsky as lead dancer
1911: Success of the "Amazons", female avantgarde painters (Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Varvara Stepanova, and Nadezhda Udaltsov)
1912: The elections to the duma are rigged to reduce the Octobrists 1912: Turkestan's cotton accounts for more than 60% of all Russian cotton
1913: Aleksei Kruchenykh writes a libretto in zaum language and Malevich designes the stage for Mikhail Matyushin cubist-futurist opera "Victory Over the Sun"
1914: World War I breaks out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, USA and Japan against Austria, Germany and Turkey (400,000 Russian soldiers die in 1914 alone)
1914: Lenin publishes the pamphlet "Imperialism: the highest stage of Capitalism"
1914: St Petersburg's name is changed to Petrograd
1915: At the Zimmerwald Conference, Vladimir Lenin causes the end of the Second International
1915: Vladimir Tatlin's art launches "Constructivism" in Russia
1915: Kazimir Malevich's art launches "Suprematism" in Russia
1916: Grigori Rasputin is murdered by a prince
1916: Russia has already suffered almost two million deaths in WWI Mar
1917: Bending to riots by women, striking workers and defecting soldiers, Czar Nicholas II abdicates, thereby ending the Romanov dynasty ("february revolution")
1917: Aleksandr Kerensky is appointed by the Duma as prime minister of the provisional government
1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Kerensky government and install Lenin as leader of Russia ("october revolution")
Nov 1917: Muslims declare Turkestan independent
Dec 1917: Lenin sets up the terrorist police Cheka
Jul 1918: Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their children are killed by the secret police of the Bolsheviks
1918: The Svomas (Free State Art Studios) are inaugurated in Moscow
1918: Vladimir Mayakovsky's futurist play "Misteriya-Buff" is produced by Vsevolod Meyerhold with sets designed by Kazimir Malevich
1918: Lenin orders the secret police to arrest and/or kill the anarchists
1918: Lenin signs a truce with Germany and accepts territorial losses 1918: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan proclaim their independence
Feb 1918: Russia reconquers Turkestan
1918: Lenin nationalizes the factories, collectivizes the farms and outlaws the church
1918: Civil war erupts between the Red Army of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks (helped by Britain, Japan, USA)
1918: Lenin changes the name of the Bolshevik party to Russian Communist Party
1918: Moscow replaces St Petersburg as capital of Russia 1918: at the end of World War I, Romania gains Transylvania from Hungary and Bessarabia (Moldavia) from the Soviet Union thus doubling in size
Jun 1918: The Soviet Union begins to nationalize the industry
1919: the Armenian mystic Georges Gurdjieff establishes the "Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man"
Mar 1919: The first congress of the Third International convenes in Moscow
1919: China invades Mongolia
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army and Poland annexes western Ukraine and Belarus N
ov 1920: The British evacuate the Crimea and 150 thousand Russian refugees flee to British-controlled Istanbul
1921: The civil war ends with Lenin's victory (millions have died of starvation, the population of Petrograd has dropped from 2.5 million in 1917 to 0.6 in 1920)
Aug 1921: Persecuted by the authorities, the poet Blok dies
Feb 1921: Peasant riots and worker strikes spread in the Soviet Union
Mar 1921: following the insurrection of sailors at Kronstadt, Lenin enacts the New Economic Policy (NEP)
1921: the Mongolian communists expel the Chinese from Mongolia and install a dictatorship
1921: UKraine is annexed to the Soviet Union
1922: The Soviet Union is created by uniting Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbajan)
1923: The Soviet Union makes Khiva a separate republic
1924: The Soviet Union reorganizes the Islamic lands of Turkestan into four republics, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
1924: The Soviet Union adopts a constitution based on the dictatorship of the proletariat
May 1924: A treaty confirms Mongolia into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union
Jan 1924: Lenin dies and is succeeded by Joseph Stalin, while the congress of the Community Party accepts Stalin's "communist in one country" policy against Trotsky's "permanent revolution" policy
Nov 1925: The poet Esenin commits suicide
1927: The Soviet Union launches a compaign of eradication of Islam
1927: The Soviet Union establishes the State University of Circus and Variety Arts to train performers for the Moscow Circus
1928: Stalin enacts the first Five-Year Plan for rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union
1928: The Soviet Union launches a campaign of forced sedentarization and collectivization of the Kazakh nomads
1929: Leon Bronstein (Lev Trotsky), who opposes Stalin, is deported to Turkey
1929: Muslim religious leaders are arrested or killed
Dec 1929: Stalin orders the persecution of "kulaks" (capitalist farmers), 15 million peasants are deported to the Arctic regions and 6.5 million die
1930: The poet Mayakovsky commits suicide
1931: the Soviet government destroys the Christ the Savior Cathedral
1932: one million people in Kazakhstan die of famine (caused by forced collectivization)
1932: anti-communist rebellion in Mongolia
1933: Four million people in Ukraine die of famine (caused by forced collectivization) 1
933: The USA recognizes the Soviet Union and establishes diplomatic relations
1934: Stalin's main advisor, Sergei Kirov, is assassinated, prompting Stalin to begin the "great purge" of the Communist Party (thousands of communists are deported to "gulags")
1934: The "Union of Soviet Writers" is created to enforce "Socialist Realism" in the arts
1934: The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations
1935: the miner Aleksej Stakanov becomes a Soviet hero for his amazing productivity
1935: 94% of agricultural land has been collectivized while famine is killing millions
1935: The Soviet Union declares that the fascist states of Germany and Japan are the enemies
1936: the first show trial against communist leaders is held in Moscow (the defendants "confess")
Jan 1936: Stalin writes an article in the Pravda that attacks Shostakovic's opera "Lady Macbeth", the beginning of the anti-formalist campaign
1937: 2.5 million Soviet citizens are arrested and 700,000 are executed during the "great purges"
1938: Nicholas Bukharin "confesses" treason at a show trial
1938: the communist regime of Mongolia destroys 900 temples and kills thousands of Buddhists
Dec 1938: The poet Mandelstam commits suicide
1939: Laurenti Beria becomes head of the secret police
Aug 1939: The Soviet Union and Japan fight a border war at Nomonhan that leaves 18 thousand Japanese dead
1939: Stalin and Hitler sign a non-aggression pact including the partition of Poland (and assigns the Baltic states to the Soviet Union)
Lithuania: 1654: Russia declares war on Poland and captures Minsk and Vilna
1655: Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania ("First Northern War"), causing the death of millions, while Russia, Denmark, and the Empireside with Poland-Lithuania
1660: Sweden is defeated by king Jan Kazimierz (end of the first Northern War)
1667: Ukraine is divided along the Dnieper between Poland-Lithuania and Moscow (treaty of Andruszowo)
1672: the Ottomans invade southern Ukraine
1683: Vienna, under siege by the Ottomans, is saved by the Polish-Lithuanian army
1697: Augustus, the Elector of Saxony, is elected king of Poland-Lithuania, and Poland is virtually united with Saxony
1700: Poland declares war on Sweden, and Russia allies with Poland
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1721: Sweden surrenders Estonia to Russia
1742: Slesia is annexed by the German Empire
1764: Stanislaw Poniatowski, supported by Russia's empress (and former lover) Ekaterina, becomes king of Poland, thereby ending the union with Saxony
1772: the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia, Lvev, Krakow)
1791: the Polish parliament ratifies a democratic constitution
1792: Ekaterina of Russia instigates a rebellion against the constitution
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia, obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania while Prussia obtains Danzig
1794: Polish hero Tadeusz Kosciuszko starts a national uprising for Polish independence, but Russia and Prussia invade the country
1795: a third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1807: Napoleon defeats Prussia and creates a Duchy of Warszaw
1815: at the Congress of Vienna the Duchy of Warszaw is partitioned among Russia, Austria and Prussia and the Russian tsar Alexander I grants semi-autonomy to the "Congress Kingdom" of Poland Nov
1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: Poland declares its independence but Russia invades it
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1890: millions of Poles emigrate to the United States
1914: Jozef Pilsudski organizes the "Polish Riflemen's League" that fights with the Austro-Hungarian empire and against Russia during World War I
1917: Russia grants independence to Poland, after the USA entered World War I listing Polish independence as one of the requirements
1918: Lithuania declares its independence from Russia
1919: at the treaty of Versailles the independence of Poland is recognized (with territory recovered from Austria and Germany) by the world powers and Pilsudski becomes its head of state
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army Poland annexes western Ukraine and western Belarus
1923: Poland regains Galicia
1926: Pilsudski proclaims himself dictator of Poland
1939: Stalin's Soviet Union and Hitler's Third Reich partition Poland
•World War II : •17/9/1939: the Soviet Union invades Poland 4/11/1939: the USA Congress passes a neutrality act 8/11/1939: and assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler in Munich fails 30/11/1939: the Soviet Union attacks Finland
.../..../...../
12/5/1943: German troops in the Crimea surrender to the Soviet Union 1943: Six million Poles (including three million Jews) are killed in Nazist death camps at Maidanek, Birkenau, and Auschwitz 2/10/1944: The Germans surrender in Warsaw after 200,000 people have been killed in two months 23/10/1944: the Soviet Union invades Germany 17/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Warsaw 27/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Auschwitz 23/4/1945: the Soviet Union enters Berlin 29/4/1945: the USA liberates the Dachau concentration camp 1/7/1945: USA, Britain and France enter Berlin 16/7/1945: the USA tests the first atomic bomb 16/7/1945: Truman, Stalin and Churchill meet at the Potsdam Conference to discuss post-war Europe 6/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima kills more than 100,000 civilians 8/8/1945: the Soviet Union attacks Japan killing 500,000 Japanese in two weeks 9/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki kills more than 100,000 civilians 24/10/1945: the winning power create the United Nations 1945: out of the 90,000 German soldiers who surrendered in Stalingrad, only 5,000 returned to Germany alive •
Deaths in World War II (Lithuania, Civilian Deaths Due to War:140,000 +30k military deaths + 140,000 Jews)(Germany, Civilian Deaths Due to War:780,000 + 3,500k military deaths + 170,000 Jews) (Poland, Civilian Deaths Due to War:5,675,000 +320k military deaths + 3,200,000 Jews) (Soviet Union, Civilian Deaths Due to War:3,000,000+4,000,000Ukrainians +12,000,000(+6,019,000 Ukrainians) military deaths + 1,000,000 Jews) died) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1939: World War II begins with the invasion of Poland by Germany World War II
1939: Soviet troops invade eastern Poland 1939: Russian aviator Igor Sikorsky invents the helicopter 1940: The Soviet Union invades Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 1940: Romania returns Bessarabia (Moldavia) to the Soviet Union 1940: Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico City 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union Aug 1941: The poetess Tsvetaeva/ Cvetaeva commits suicide 1943: The Soviet Union launches a counteroffensive 1944: Finland surrenders Karelia to the Soviet Union 1944: eastern Galicia is conquered by the Soviet Union and eventually annexed to Ukraine 1945: Germany surrenders 1945: At the Yalta conference the Soviet Union, Britain and the USA partition Europe in spheres of influence 1945: Germany and Berlin are divided in four sectors, soon to be come "western" and "easter" (Russian) sectors
1947: Vladislav Gomulka's Communists seize power in Poland 1955: The Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact to counterbalance NATO with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania 1956: Vladislav Gomulka is released from jail and becomes the leader of the reformists in the Communist Party Jun 1956: Workers riot in Poznan demanding "Bread and Freedom" and the police kills 300 of them March 1968: Students demonstrate in Poland December 1970: Workers strike in the Baltic towns 1974: The Polish geneticist Waclaw Szybalski coins the term "synthetic biology" 1978: the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II, first non-Italian Pope in centuries 1979: Pope John Paul II visits Poland and supports the anti-communist movement 1980: Lech Walesa of Solidarnosch leads Polish workers in a strike 1989: In Poland the communist government and Solidarity agree to share power 1990: Lech Walesa elected president of Poland
2013: Ukraine's economy is smaller than it was in 1992, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union
2013: A quarter of all Russian men die before they are 55, mainly because of alcohol
2013: Oil and gas account for 75% of all Russian exports and 45% of what Russians buy is imported
Jan 2014: Latvia joins the eurozone
Feb 2014: Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders Vitali Klitschko (UDAR/Democratic Alliance for Reform), Arseniy Yatsenyuk (Batkivshchyna/ Fatherland Party) and Oleh Tyahnibok (Svoboda/Freedom Party) agree to hold early presidential elections after 88 protesters are killed and soon afterwards Yulia Tymoshenko is freed from jail and parliament votes to remove Yanukovych from power and replace him with Oleksandr Turchynov, a close Tymoshenko ally
Feb 2014: Russia's defense minister Sergei Shoigu announces that Russia plans to increase its military presence abroad, including in Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua
Mar 2014: Russia annexes Ukraine's Crimea
Mar 2014: The USA arrests Ukrainian tycoon Dmitry Firtash for having paid bribes to the Indian government
May 2014: Ukraine's tycoon Petro Poroshenko is elected president while dozens of people are killed in riots between pro- and anti-Russian groups in Ukraine
1995: Sweden and Finland join the European Union 1996: Goeran Persson becomes prime minister of Sweden 2000: a bridge is inaugurated linking Malmo in Sweden and Copenhagen in Denmark 2000: The longest road tunnel in the world opens in Norway, the Laerdal Tunnel 2002: Finland adopts the euro 2006 Muslims riot worldwide because the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published comic cartoons about Mohammed, the founder of Islam 2006: Fredrik Reinfeldt becomes prime minister of Sweden Nov 2007: An 18-year-old student (Pekka-Eric Auvinen) goes a gun rampage at his school in Tuusula, killing seven pupils, a teacher and himself ("Jokela school massacre") 2008: An armed student kills nine people at a college in Finland Oct 2008: Iceland's three main banks collapse and leave the country virtually bankrupt 2009: Iceland elects the first openly gay head of state in the world, Johanna Sigurdardottir Dec 2009: A 43-year-old man (Ibrahim Shkupolli) goes a gun rampage in the southern city of Espoo, killing five people Dec 2010: A Muslim dies trying to carry out a suicide attack in Stockholm, Sweden Dec 2010: Danish authorities prevent a terrorist attack by Muslims who wanted to kill as many people as possible in the building of a newspaper that published cart
kita vertus turbut ne visi skaitytojai idomus rasytojui :)
o dar buna rasytoju, kurie mano kad ju dienorasciams kai kurie skaitytojai per prasti, zemiau kurybos, prasciau uz istrinta sakini :)
o dar buna labai pozityviu rasytoju savo skaitytojams, kurie linke pasidalinti ir patarti. (bet cia mazai tokiu, kurie kazka papasakoja kaip gerai gaminti, sveikai gyventi, keliones idomiau papasakoti - ne vien ka maciau, bet ka verta zinoti, ar kaip nesuklysti noobui nepazistamoje aplinkoje, kaip pvz verta butu 50-200lt per savaitgali isleisti ar pan :))
Turbūt pažįstamų/ matytų žmonių :))) arba tų, kurie man patinka ir kuriuos noris užkybint :D
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Jeigu tu turi nuostabią žmoną, pritrenkiačią meilužę, prabangų automobilį, neturi problemų su valdžia ir mokesčių tarnybomis, o tau išėjus į gatvę visada šviečia saulė ir praeiviai tau šypsosi - pasakyk NE narkotikams!
Na, gal tiesiog nebe mano stiliaus, arba manasis skonis pasikeitė. Bet turbūt nelabai. Kad keičiasi - tai ne gerai, tai tiesiog puiku. Tik visiems neįtiksi. Ir nereikia, reikia gyventi sau, ne kitiems.
Pastaruoju metu vis labiau nusivyliu Rugilės dienoraščiais, nors kai kurie išties vis dar puikūs. Šiuo metu niekas lyg ir ypatingai tų dienoraščių nerašo, todėl apsistosiu ties dviems asmenimis - Misantropia ir gedged
*o pats tai stengiuosi pakelt žmonių įsižiemojusią nuotaiką (tik priešingai nei dienoraščiuose, kur anksčiau turėjau galimybės žaist su šriftu, straipsniais, įkeliamomis nuotraukomis/album covers, dabar naudoju puikią galimybę - atsiradusią ir plačiai išpopuliarėjusią pokalbių dėžutę, sorry, jei kas kartais tikisi ne tokio jumoro, jiems per juodas ar užstoja jų pokalbius su draugais)
dabar kažkaip labiau laukiu lacunacoil arba MusicLt dienoraščių. tai bus solidžiau, o be to ir neprašausiu kaip užlipdamas ant 1 paros/1 valandos vertės komikso lapuko, prirašinėto paveiksliuko ar dienos minties apie savo gyvenimą ar kokias aktualijas.
Originaliausi vis dėlto yra R7wa, cccrazyggirl, gedged ir 4Blackberry dienoraščiai...
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Meilė kovoja,bet žmonės akli,kas atsimerks,tam iš dangaus,leisis ji Šitam pasaulį meilė gimdo ateitį,praeitis-dabartį,o ateitis-sapnus.
(Sahja)
Mano batai iš Lietuvos,mano kelnės iš Vokietijos,mano kepurė iš Rusijos,o mano širdis,iš Indijos.Visa Visata ,tik sapnas,tik laikas,kurio nėra,mums tai atvers.
2017 m. liepos 1 d. 21:24:25
Savo. Ypač kokių 2013-ųjų metų, nes iš ten semiuosi vaizduotės, kurios nebeturiu...
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„Nieko nepadarysi“ - Kurtas Vonegutas
2017 m. birželio 5 d. 22:02:05
TOP POP 7-15 BALŲ
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...
IR TT.
MUSIC.LT ŠLOVĖS MUZIEJUN EIN EINARAS
MANO ALTER EGO GAUN 2 PALMĖS ŠUKELES
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'Aš tau atleidžiu' gali pasakyti tik tas, kas gali pasakyti 'Aš tave myliu' (Paolo Coelho - Alchemikas)
2014 m. birželio 23 d. 15:48:15
Labai įdomus diaris, tik abejoju, kad kas nors jį skaitys. Būtų užtekę nuorodos.
Beje Pyotr marries his lover Ekaterina, a Lithuanian of low origins 1714 buvo Marta Elena Skavronaite,
, taigi Romanovų dinastijai įlietas lietuviškas kraujas.
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Sielos polėkis, išmokantis skrist - Galimybės ribotos, bet pasiryžęs bandyt. Pink Floyd - Learning to Fly
2014 m. birželio 23 d. 15:06:27
Laikinai dabar nebebus galima pasiekti dienoraščių, taigi jei ne-per-ilgi, laikinai dienoraščius post'inkite čia:
autorius:Silentist, dienoraštis: Scandinavia Vs. Russia, data: 2014-06-23:
The West and Russia. There is a historical perspective that is often missing in analysis of contemporary Russia. Napoleon's France invaded Russia in the 19th century. Hitler's Germany invaded Russia in the 20th century. Both failed miserably. The British empire fought "the big game" with Russia in Central Asia and lost all of it. The Ottoman Empire fought many wars against Russia, but eventually disintegrated, replaced by the modern state of Turkey. Britain, France, Germany and Turkey have declined and are still military "powers" only because they are allied with the most powerful of all military powers, the USA. Their influence can still be felt here and there but overall they are not even remotely what they used to be. In fact, today's Germany is so pacifist that its weak army would not be able to stop a Russian invasion. Germany's "life insurance" is Poland: Russia would have to invade Poland first and that would not be easy. Therefore Russia's historical enemies are all much weaker in military terms. Russia, on the other hand, is still the second nuclear power in the world and still the largest country in the world. Based on today's forces, Russia would win all the wars that it lost in the last 500 years. But of course the Europeans would counter that the European Union as a whole still matters, and is as strong as Britain or France were back in the old days of the empires. This may be true when the European Union works, but recently the European Union has been an ungovernable mess that is struggling to keep itself together, and therefore has very little desire or power to solve crises elsewhere. If the majority of Ukrainian people voted in a referendum to join the European Union, it would be the European Union the one to back out. Turkey is even less of a threat. Turkey is the country which has the longest Black Sea coast, right across from Ukraine, and Turkey controls traffic in the Black Sea through the Bosphorus, but Turkey has its own internal problems (the Kurdish minority and a corruption scandal involving the prime minister himself) and at least one external one (the civil war in neighboring Syria). It is unthinkable that Turkey would close the Bosphorus (through which Russia ships arms to Syria's dictator and Turkey's enemy Assad, and through which three million barrels of oil transit every day). At the same time, Western Europe and Turkey have never been so dependent economically on Russia. Almost 40% of all European Union's natural gas imports come from Russia. The entire supply of natural gas in Finland and the Baltic states comes from Russia (100%). Eastern Europe is also heavily dependent on Russian gas. And the biggest importers (in absolute value) are Germany and Italy. Most eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech republic, Slovakia, Ukraine itself) produce nuclear energy, but western European countries like Italy (that don't have any nuclear power) are at Russia's mercy. Turkey itself receives roughly 60% of its natural gas from Russia. When completed, the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (bringing Azerbaijani gas to the Balkans and Italy via Turkey) will alleviate the problem, but it will still be a trickle compared with the total that Russia ships to the West (Gazprom exports 158 billion cubic meters of gas to Europe and Turkey and it won't be until 2026 that the new pipeline will transport 30 billion cubic meters). Of course, the imbalance of power in Europe began with the end of World War II, when suddenly two of the winners (Britain and France) realized that their empires were disintegrating while the Soviet Union was becoming a nuclear superpower. But back then at least the western powers did not depend on Soviet gas and oil. In a sense, what is happening is a continuation of the decline of the west and of Turkey vis a vis with Russia.
1686: Russia and Poland sign a treaty of "eternal peace"
1687: A Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars
1689: A second Russian invasion is defeated by the Crimean Tatars, a defeat that causes Sophia's downfall and the election of Pyotr/Peter "the Great" to czar, with his mother Natalya/Nathalie as regent
1697: Pyotr visits Western Europe 1699: Denmark, Poland and Russia attack Sweden, but Charles XII's army invades Poland, Saxony and Ukraine
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1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1718: Sweden's king Charles XII is killed in battle
1721: Danish colonists recolonize Greenland
1721: Sweden is defeated by an alliance of Denmark, Poland and Russia and loses most of its territory on the other side of the Baltic Sea (peace of Nystad)
1729: Greenland becomes a Danish province
1772: Gustav III seizes power in Sweden
1773: Denmark enter into an alliance with Russia
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1700: Russia and Turkey sign a peace treaty, granting Azov to Russia, and Russia allies with Poland against Sweden
1700: The patriarch Hadrian dies and Pyotr keeps the seat vacant for twenty years 1700: Russia adopts the Julian calendar
1701: The School of Mathematics and Navigation is inaugurated
1702: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Vedomosti/ News", edited by the czar in person
1703: Pyotr founds Sankt Peterburg (later renamed Petrograd)
1703: The first Russian newspaper is published, "Moskovskie-novosti/ News from Moscow"
1705: A revolt breaks out in Astrakhan
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden, leaving Russia to fight alone
1707: Sweden, having defeated Poland, invades Russia
1707: Conrad Bulavin leads a rebellion of the Don cossacks
1707: The School of Medicine opens in Moscow
1709: Sweden is defeated by Russia at the battle of Poltava
1709: A canal is built to connect the Neva and the Volga
1710: Turkey declares war on Russia, while Russia captures Estonia from Sweden
1710: Pyotr introduces a simplified alphabet
1712: Pyotr moves the capital to St Petersburg
1712: Pyotr marries his lover Ekaterina, a Lithuanian Marta Elena Skavronaite of low origins
1714: Russian conquers most of Finland from Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1717: A Russia expedition is massacred in Khiva, Central Asia
1718: Russia defeats the Khazak horde
1721: at the peace of Nystad, Russia obtains from Sweden some of its Baltic territories (Estonia and Livonia) but returns most of Finland
1721: the Patriarchate is abolished, hermitages are banned and the Russian Church is subjected to the czar
1722: Pyotr defeats Persia
1722: Russia's population is 13 million
1724: The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded
1724: Pyotr has his second wife Ekaterina crowned empress
1725: Pyotr the Great dies and is succeeded by his second wife Ekaterina I who prevails over Pyotr's grandson Pyotr, Pyotr's daughters Anna and Elizaveta and Ivan V's daughters Anna and Ekaterina thanks to support from the Preobrazhensky guards
1725: Russia has 13 million people
1726: Ekaterina creates a Supreme Secret Council headed by Aleksandr Menshikov, who appoints himself "generalissimus"
1726: Russia and Austria sign a treaty of alliance
1727: Russia and China sign the treaty of Kyakhta, defining their border and granting Russia a trading post in Kyakhta
1727: Ekaterina I dies and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Pyotr's 12-year old grandson Pyotr II to succeed her with the council itself as regent and Pyotr II has Menshikov exiled
1728: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering sails beyond Kamchatka
1730: Pyotr II dies of smallpox at 15 and the Supreme Secret Council chooses Ivan V's daughter Anna to succeed him, a childless noble from Latvia, but Anna immediately disbands the council, exiles its members and appoints Germans to the top positions, starting with her lover Ernst von Biron who launches a terror campaign ("Bironovshchina")
1731: A new law grants landlords the financial control of their serfs
1732: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta falls in love with Alexey Razumovsky, a former cossack shepherd from the Ukraine and now a court singer
1732: Anna moves the court to the Winter Palace
1732: Alaska is discovered
1733: Russia and Austria fight against France in the War of the Polish Secession
1735: Russia and Austria defeat France in the War of the Polish Secession
1736: Russia and Austria fight against the Ottoman Empire and France
1739: Russia and Austria defeat the Ottoman Empire and France
1740: Anna dies and is succeeded by the infant Ivan VI while the power is de facto in the hands of the "German party"
1741: the Russian explorer Vitus Bering reaches Alaska
1741: Pyotr I's daughter Elizaveta stages a coup that removes the German party from power, exiles Ivan VI and installs her as czarina, with her lover Alexey Razumovsky as main advisor
1741: Russia, supported by Austria, fights against Sweden, supported by France
1742: An expedition of 570 scientists sets out to map the northern shore of Siberia
1742: Russia orders the deportation of all Jews
1743: Russia defeats Sweden and conquers additional Finnish territory
1745: Anna's son Pyotr marries the princess Sophia von Anhalt-Zerbst, the daughter of a Prussian general, who converts to Eastern Orthodoxy and adopts the name Ekaterina
1753: Elizaveta commissions a new grandiose Winter Palace in St Petersburg
1755: The scientist Mikhail Lomonosov with help from Elizaveta's new favorite Ivan Shuvalov, founds the Moscow State University, the first Russian university
1755: The first Russian grammar is published by Lomonosov
1756: Friederich II of Prussia invades Saxony, starting the Seven Years' War, pitting France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and Spain against Prussia and Britain
1762: Elizaveta dies and the new czar Pyotr III, a son of the "German" czarina Anna raised by Germans, switches alliance, joining (and saving) Prussia
Jun 1762: Ekaterina II stages a coup against her husband Pyotr III and becomes czarina
1762: Nobility is freed from the obligation to serve the czar and many noblemen are awarded country estates with thousands of serfs 1
762: Russia has 19 million people
1763: Ekaterina enacts reforms that spread serfdom to the Ukraine
1764: Ivan VI is killed by the guards when conspirators tried to free him from prison
1764: Ekaterina expropriates the last lands owned by the Church
1767: Ekaterina enacts reforms inspired by the French Enlightenment but retains serfdom
1768: Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland
1768: Russia invades Ottoman territories in Bessarabia, the Balkans and the Crimean peninsula
1770: The Russian navy defeats the Ottoman navy at the Bay of Chesme, the first major naval victory by Russia
1772: a renegade cossack, Pugachev, leads a revolt
1772: The Jews of Poland are allowed to remain in what is now Russian territory
1772: a Polish rebellion is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria, obtaining White Russia and Latvia
1773: Emelian Pugachev, who proclaims himself emperor Pyotr III, leads a cossack rebellion along the Ural river that becomes a mass rebellion by serfs, miners and workers, promising the extermination of nobles and landlords
1773: Ekaterina ends the religious persecution of the Muslim Tatars
1774: Pugachev is defeated and executed
1774: The Russians defeat the Ottomans and obtain cities of the Black Sea and Caucasus, the first time that the Ottoman Empire loses Muslim subjects to a Christian power
1774: Grigori Potemkin's becomes Ekaterina's new lover and chief advisor
1775: Ekaterina enacts reforms to decentralize power to the provinces
1776: The Bolshoi Ballet is founded
1776: Ekaterina becomes famous for her yearly changes of favorite, but Potemkin remains the most powerful man in Russia
1779: Russia annexes the Crimea
1783: Ekaterina grants the right for everybody to open a publishing house, causing a boom in book publishing
1787: The Ottomans declare war on Russia, with Sweden supporting the Ottomans and Austria supporting Russia
1789: Nikolai Sheremetev owns one million serfs
1790: Russia's population is 36 million
1791: Jews are permitted to settle in some regions of Russia
1792: Russia defeats the Ottomans and obtains Southern Ukraine with the Dniester as the new border
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia , obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania 1794: Russia and Prussia invade Poland again to quell a national uprising
1794: Russia builds the port of Odessa in the southern Ukraine conquered from the Ottomans
1795: A third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1796: Ekaterina the Great dies and is succeeded by her son Pavel
1796: Russia has 36 million people, 96% living in the countryside and 53% being serfs
1797: Pavel I enacts a succession law that automatically proclams as czar the oldest surviving male of a deceased czar
1798: Russia sends troops under general Suvorov to fight France in Italy, and Pavel is proclaimed Grand Master by the Knights of Malta after France invades Malta
1799: The Russian-American company is chartered
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1807: Britain attacks Denmark and steals the entire Danish fleet, and Denmark allies with Napoleon
1809: a new constitution of Sweden grants more powers to the Parliament
1809: Russia invades Sweden and Sweden cedes Finland to Russia
1812: Helsinki becomes the capital of Finland
1814: and at the Peace of Kiel, Denmark is forced to cede Norway to Sweden
1814: Christian VIII introduces constitutional monarchy in Norway
1818: the first Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, one of Napoleon's field marshals, is elected king of Sweden
1849: Frederik VII signs Denmark's first constitution, granting civil rights and instituting a parliamentary democracy
1864: Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark and Denmark is forced to cede Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg
1867: the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invents dynamite
1898: Norway introduces universal male suffrage
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1800: Russian troops retreat from Italy to southern Germany
1801: Eastern Georgia asks to be annexed to Russia
1802: Pavel is assassinated by nobles just when he had ordered a cossack invasion of India and Alexander I becomes czar
1803: Moldavia and Wallachia princes loyal to Russia
1804: Persia declares war on Russia following Russia's annexaction of Georgia
1806: Russia and Britain declare war on the Ottomans
1808: Russia establishes the colony of Noviiy Rossiya in California
1809: Russia invades Sweden and Sweden cedes Finland to Russia
1810: Russia defeats the Ottomans and acquires Bessarabia
1812: the Russians defeat the Ottomans and annex Bessarabia (Moldovia) at the Peace of Bucharest
1812: Napoleon invades Russia and Russians burn Moscow
1813: Iran loses the war against Russia and recognizes Russian rule over Georgia and Azerbajan in the Caucasus (Treaty of Gulistan)
1814: Napoleon is defeated
1815: The population of Russia is 45 million
1820: Alexander's brother Constantine marries a Polish and renounces any right to the Russian throne
1821: Thaddeus Belingshausen discovers the Antarctic continent
1822: the ban on hermitages is repealed and a hermitage is built at Optina Pustyn
1822: Czar Alexander outlaws Masonry and all secret societies
1824: A treaty with the USA grants Oregon to the USA
1825: A treaty with Britain defines the borders of Russian Alaska
Dec 1825: Alexander I
1825 dies and is succeeded by Nicholas I against the supporters of Constantine, while the "Decembrist" revolt by aristocratic army officers who wants constitutionalism and abolish serfdom fails
Jun 1826: Russia fights a second war against Persia over Georgia 1
826: Five decembrists are executed
Oct 1827: Britain, France and Russia defeat Egypt at the battle of Navarino
Feb 1828: Iran loses Armenia, and Russia annexes Armenia and Azerbaijan
Apr 1828: Russia attacks the Ottomans 1
829: Russia defeats the Ottomans, gains control of Moldavia and Wallachia, and helps Serbia and Greece become independent
Nov 1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: The "Slavophiles" preach the superiority and historical mission of the Russian Orthodox church
1831: Cholera epidemics
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
1833: Russia, Austria and Prussia sign treaties of alliance 1
834: Imam Shamil leads anti-Russian resistance in the North Caucasus
1835: A new code of law is enacted
1838: The first Russian railway is inaugurated
1839: The Pulkovo observatory opens in St Petersburg
1841: Russia, Britain, France, Austria and Prussia at the Straits Convention agree to ban all warships from the Ottoman straits, thus confining the southern Russian fleet to the Black Sea
1842: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin leaves Russia for Western Europe
1847: The revolutionary Alexander Herzen flees abroad
1848: Russian troops defeat the Romanian revolution in Moldavia and Wallachia
1849: Russia helps Austria defeat a nationalist revolt in Hungary 1849: Dostoevsky is jailed for subversive activities
1849: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is arrested in Germany and imprisoned in Russia
1851: The population of Russia is 67 million
Oct 1853: Russia and the Ottoman empire begin the Crimean war
Mar 1854: Britain and France join the Ottomans against Russia in the Crimean war
1854: Russia annexes Khazakstan
1855: Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations
Mar 1855: Nicholas I dies and is succeeded by Alexander II
Mar 1856: Russia's Black Sea fleet is destroyed and the treaty of Paris that ends the Crimean War gives the Ottomans a protectorate over Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia
1858: Russia and China sign a border treaty
1859: Dostoevsky is released from detention
1859: Russia conquers Shamil, the headquarters of Muslim resistance in the Caucasus, and annexes Chechnya while thousands of Muslims migrate to Turkey
1860: Russia and China sign a border treaty that grants Russia the coast around the newly founded city of Vladivostok
Mar 1861: Alexander II abolishes serfdom, granting freedom to 20 million serfs and land to peasant communes
1861: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin escapes from Siberia and returns to Western Europe
1861: University students protest against the government
1863: Russian ships help the Union win the civil war in the USA
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1863: Nikolay Chernyshevsky publishes the political pamphlet "What is to be done" from prison Jan
1864: Alexander II democratizes local government via the "zemstvo system", but representation is still proportional to landownership
Dec 1864: Alexander II enacts a reform of the legal system that makes the judiciary an independent branch of government
1864: Alexander II reorganizes military service, extending the draft to all Russians (not just the lower classes)
1864: Russia signs a treaty border with China that opens Central Asia to Russian expansion and also begins to expand into Iran's central Asian provinces
1865: Russia conquers Tashkent 1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1866: the Ottoman protectorates of Moldavia and Wallachia unite in the federation of Romania
1866: The State Bank of Russia is created
1867: the USA buys Alaska from Russia
1868: Russia conquers Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan
1869: Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements
1871: The first oil well is drilled in the Caucasus (near Baku)
1871: Abd al-Qayyim Nasiri/ Qayum Nasiri opens a school in the land of the Tatars to modernize Islam (the "Jadid" movement or "New Method") and creates the Tatar alphabet
1873: Russia annexes Uzbekistan 1873: Russia recalls all the students who are in Switzerland
1875: Russia exchanges with Japan the Kurile Islands for the island of Sakhalin
1876: The revolutionary society "Land and Freedom" is founded
1876: Bulgarians rebel against the Ottomans and Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, with help from Russian volunteers
1877: Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire to defend Bulgaria and Serbia
1878: Russia defeats the Ottomans, but is stopped by Britain to protect its route to Indiaand to prevent uprisings by Indian Muslims, and the Congress of Berlin hands Cyprus to Britain and Bosnia to Austria, grants Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania independence and creates an autonomous Christian principality of Bulgaria within the Ottoman Empire
1878: Ludwig Nobel introduces the first oil tanker in the Caucasus
1879: A leftist fringe of "Land and Freedom" founds the revolutionary society "Will of the People"
1881: Persia loses Turkmenistan to Russia
1881: Alexander II is assassinated by nihilists of "Will of the People" and is succeeded by Alexander III, who enacts anti-terrorism laws that curb civil rights and freedom of the press
1881: A wave of anti-Jewish pogroms causes mass migrations of eastern European Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)
1882: Russia abandons Turkestan which is annexed by China
1882: Youstol Dispage Fromscaruffi dies 1883: Alphonse Rothschild, a French Jew, loans money to build a railroad to Baku
1883: The Crimean Tatar Ismail Gasprinski founds the journal Tarjuman, the main vehicle for the Jadid movement
1884: Russia conquers Merv (Turkmenistan)
1884: Alexander III bans student organizations
1885: Russians and British compete for control of Central Asia, turning Britain into an enemy of Russia
1886: The Rothschild family founds the Black Sea Pyotroleum Company
1887: Alexander III introduces a quota for Jewish students in universities
1887: Ludwik Zamenhof invents esperanto 1888: The railway from Krasnovodsk to Samarqand is inaugurated
1890: The population of St Petersburg is 1,033,600
1890: Alexander III reorganizes the zemstvo system so that the aristocratic landowners prevail (zemstvo counter-reform) 1
891: The great famine kills 500,000 people
1891: USA oil accounts for 78% of illuminating oil exports vs 29% of Russia
1892: Sergei Witte minister of finance and launches an ambitious program of industrialization
1892: Marcus Samuel, a British Jew, introduces an oil tanker that can sail through the Suez canal to Bangkok
1892: Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus
1894: Alexander III dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Nicholas II 1
894: France and Russia sign an alliance 1895: Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) is arrested for revolutionary activities
1896: China grants Russia permission to build the Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria to Vladivostok
1898: Marxists groups unite in the Social Democratic Labour Party, while strikes and student riots spread
1898: Russia expands in northern China
1898: Konstantin Stanislavsky's Moscow Art Theater stages Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull"
1898: China grants Russia a lease for Port Arthur in Manchuria
1899: Russia enacts reforms to "Russificate" Finland
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1905: The union between Sweden and Norway is dissolved and prince Carl of Demark becomes king of Norway as Haakon VII
1906: universal female suffrage in Finland (first country in Europe)
1907: Sweden introduces proportional representation and universal male suffrage
1912: universal female suffrage in Norway
1913: Norway introduces univeral female suffrage
1913: the Danish physicist Niels Bohr explains how the atom works
1918: Denmark introduces universal suffrage
1919: Finland declares its independence from Russia
Sep 1932: The Socialdemocratic party wins the elections in Sweden and Per-Albin Hansson becomes prime minister with a program of vast social reforms
1934: Ole Kirk Christiansen founds the company Lego in Denmark to make wooden toys
1944: Finland surrenders Karelia to the Soviet Union
1944: Iceland declares independence from Denmark
1946: Socialdemocrat Tage Erlander becomes prime minister of Sweden after Hansson died
1953: Greenland becomes part of Denmark
1969: Erlander resigns and Olof Palme becomes prime minister of Sweden
1974: a new Swedish constitution removes any power from the monarchy
1979: Ericsson introduces the first cellular phone
1986: Olof Palme of Sweden is assassinated
1989: Denmark becomes the first nation in the world to legalize same-sex marriage -
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1900: The population of Russia passes the 100 million mark and Moscow passes one million, and there are now two million industrial workers
1901: Tolstoj is excommunicated by the Russian church for advocating the true spirit of the gospels and separation from the state
1901: Radical Marxists organize the Social Revolutionary Party
1901: The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicates Lev Tolstoy
1902: Social Revolutionaries carry out political assassinations
1903: Sergei Witte is dismissed by Nicholas II
1903: Maksim Gorky's play "The Lower Depths" stages thieves, prostitutes and tramps
1903: The Social Democratic Labour Party splits into Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Ulianov "Lenin") and Mensheviks (led by Julius Martov)
1903: A pogrom in Kishinev
1904: the Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed
Feb 1904: Japan attacks Russia in Manchuria and Korea
May 1905: after Japan destroys the Russian fleet at the battle of Tsushima, Russia withdraws from Manchuria, loses Sakhalin, and recognizes a Japanese protectorate over Korea (treaty of Portsmouth), the first time that a non-European country defeats a European power
Jan 1905: Cossacks fire on peaceful protesters led by priest Georgy Gapon in St Petersburg
1905: Protesters march on the Winter Palace and "soviets" (worker's councils) are set up
Oct 1905: responding to a general strike, Czar Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a sort of constitution that establishes Russia's first parliament (Duma)
1905: Nicholas II falls under the spell of Rasputin, a Siberian peasant who pretended to be a healer and a prophet
1905: Leon Trotsky develops the theory of "Permanent Revolution"
1905: The liberals organize the Cadets Party that favors a constitutional democracy
May 1906: The first duma convenes, with the largest block being won by the Cadets (38%)
1906: The Orenburg-Tashkent railway is inaugurated leading to a boom in Russian colonization of Turkestan
Aug 1906: The czar dissolves the duma
1906: More than 1,400 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
1906: Vsevolod Meyerhold produces Aleksandr Blok's play "Balaganchik" 1
907: Britain and Russia sign a treaty (Convention of St Petersburg) dividing Iran, Tibet, Central Asia and Afghanistan into respective spheres of influence
1907: More than 3,000 people are killed in terrorist attacks carried out by Social Revolutionaries
Mar 1907: The second duma convenes, with a big increase for the leftist parties
Jun 1907: The czar dissolves the second duma and changes the electoral law so that the aristocratic landowners win 50% of the seats, and the Right becomes the main party, followed by the Octobrists
1909: Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev founds the "Ballets Russes" in Paris
1910: The population of St Petersburg is 1,905,600
Nov 1910: Lev Tolstoy dies, possibly the most famous writer in the world
1911: Russia invades the northern provinces of Iran
1911: Igor Stravinsky composes the ballet "Petrushka", choreographed by Mikhail Fokine for Diaghilev with Vaslav Nijinsky as lead dancer
1911: Success of the "Amazons", female avantgarde painters (Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, Varvara Stepanova, and Nadezhda Udaltsov)
1912: The elections to the duma are rigged to reduce the Octobrists 1912: Turkestan's cotton accounts for more than 60% of all Russian cotton
1913: Aleksei Kruchenykh writes a libretto in zaum language and Malevich designes the stage for Mikhail Matyushin cubist-futurist opera "Victory Over the Sun"
1914: World War I breaks out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, USA and Japan against Austria, Germany and Turkey (400,000 Russian soldiers die in 1914 alone)
1914: Lenin publishes the pamphlet "Imperialism: the highest stage of Capitalism"
1914: St Petersburg's name is changed to Petrograd
1915: At the Zimmerwald Conference, Vladimir Lenin causes the end of the Second International
1915: Vladimir Tatlin's art launches "Constructivism" in Russia
1915: Kazimir Malevich's art launches "Suprematism" in Russia
1916: Grigori Rasputin is murdered by a prince
1916: Russia has already suffered almost two million deaths in WWI Mar
1917: Bending to riots by women, striking workers and defecting soldiers, Czar Nicholas II abdicates, thereby ending the Romanov dynasty ("february revolution")
1917: Aleksandr Kerensky is appointed by the Duma as prime minister of the provisional government
1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Kerensky government and install Lenin as leader of Russia ("october revolution")
Nov 1917: Muslims declare Turkestan independent
Dec 1917: Lenin sets up the terrorist police Cheka
Jul 1918: Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their children are killed by the secret police of the Bolsheviks
1918: The Svomas (Free State Art Studios) are inaugurated in Moscow
1918: Vladimir Mayakovsky's futurist play "Misteriya-Buff" is produced by Vsevolod Meyerhold with sets designed by Kazimir Malevich
1918: Lenin orders the secret police to arrest and/or kill the anarchists
1918: Lenin signs a truce with Germany and accepts territorial losses 1918: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan proclaim their independence
Feb 1918: Russia reconquers Turkestan
1918: Lenin nationalizes the factories, collectivizes the farms and outlaws the church
1918: Civil war erupts between the Red Army of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks (helped by Britain, Japan, USA)
1918: Lenin changes the name of the Bolshevik party to Russian Communist Party
1918: Moscow replaces St Petersburg as capital of Russia 1918: at the end of World War I, Romania gains Transylvania from Hungary and Bessarabia (Moldavia) from the Soviet Union thus doubling in size
Jun 1918: The Soviet Union begins to nationalize the industry
1919: the Armenian mystic Georges Gurdjieff establishes the "Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man"
Mar 1919: The first congress of the Third International convenes in Moscow
1919: China invades Mongolia
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army and Poland annexes western Ukraine and Belarus N
ov 1920: The British evacuate the Crimea and 150 thousand Russian refugees flee to British-controlled Istanbul
1921: The civil war ends with Lenin's victory (millions have died of starvation, the population of Petrograd has dropped from 2.5 million in 1917 to 0.6 in 1920)
Aug 1921: Persecuted by the authorities, the poet Blok dies
Feb 1921: Peasant riots and worker strikes spread in the Soviet Union
Mar 1921: following the insurrection of sailors at Kronstadt, Lenin enacts the New Economic Policy (NEP)
1921: the Mongolian communists expel the Chinese from Mongolia and install a dictatorship
1921: UKraine is annexed to the Soviet Union
1922: The Soviet Union is created by uniting Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbajan)
1923: The Soviet Union makes Khiva a separate republic
1924: The Soviet Union reorganizes the Islamic lands of Turkestan into four republics, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
1924: The Soviet Union adopts a constitution based on the dictatorship of the proletariat
May 1924: A treaty confirms Mongolia into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union
Jan 1924: Lenin dies and is succeeded by Joseph Stalin, while the congress of the Community Party accepts Stalin's "communist in one country" policy against Trotsky's "permanent revolution" policy
Nov 1925: The poet Esenin commits suicide
1927: The Soviet Union launches a compaign of eradication of Islam
1927: The Soviet Union establishes the State University of Circus and Variety Arts to train performers for the Moscow Circus
1928: Stalin enacts the first Five-Year Plan for rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union
1928: The Soviet Union launches a campaign of forced sedentarization and collectivization of the Kazakh nomads
1929: Leon Bronstein (Lev Trotsky), who opposes Stalin, is deported to Turkey
1929: Muslim religious leaders are arrested or killed
Dec 1929: Stalin orders the persecution of "kulaks" (capitalist farmers), 15 million peasants are deported to the Arctic regions and 6.5 million die
1930: The poet Mayakovsky commits suicide
1931: the Soviet government destroys the Christ the Savior Cathedral
1932: one million people in Kazakhstan die of famine (caused by forced collectivization)
1932: anti-communist rebellion in Mongolia
1933: Four million people in Ukraine die of famine (caused by forced collectivization) 1
933: The USA recognizes the Soviet Union and establishes diplomatic relations
1934: Stalin's main advisor, Sergei Kirov, is assassinated, prompting Stalin to begin the "great purge" of the Communist Party (thousands of communists are deported to "gulags")
1934: The "Union of Soviet Writers" is created to enforce "Socialist Realism" in the arts
1934: The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations
1935: the miner Aleksej Stakanov becomes a Soviet hero for his amazing productivity
1935: 94% of agricultural land has been collectivized while famine is killing millions
1935: The Soviet Union declares that the fascist states of Germany and Japan are the enemies
1936: the first show trial against communist leaders is held in Moscow (the defendants "confess")
Jan 1936: Stalin writes an article in the Pravda that attacks Shostakovic's opera "Lady Macbeth", the beginning of the anti-formalist campaign
1937: 2.5 million Soviet citizens are arrested and 700,000 are executed during the "great purges"
1938: Nicholas Bukharin "confesses" treason at a show trial
1938: the communist regime of Mongolia destroys 900 temples and kills thousands of Buddhists
Dec 1938: The poet Mandelstam commits suicide
1939: Laurenti Beria becomes head of the secret police
Aug 1939: The Soviet Union and Japan fight a border war at Nomonhan that leaves 18 thousand Japanese dead
1939: Stalin and Hitler sign a non-aggression pact including the partition of Poland (and assigns the Baltic states to the Soviet Union)
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Lithuania: 1654: Russia declares war on Poland and captures Minsk and Vilna
1655: Sweden invades Poland-Lithuania ("First Northern War"), causing the death of millions, while Russia, Denmark, and the Empireside with Poland-Lithuania
1660: Sweden is defeated by king Jan Kazimierz (end of the first Northern War)
1667: Ukraine is divided along the Dnieper between Poland-Lithuania and Moscow (treaty of Andruszowo)
1672: the Ottomans invade southern Ukraine
1683: Vienna, under siege by the Ottomans, is saved by the Polish-Lithuanian army
1697: Augustus, the Elector of Saxony, is elected king of Poland-Lithuania, and Poland is virtually united with Saxony
1700: Poland declares war on Sweden, and Russia allies with Poland
1706: Poland surrenders to Sweden
1717: Poland becomes a Russian protectorate
1721: Sweden surrenders Estonia to Russia
1742: Slesia is annexed by the German Empire
1764: Stanislaw Poniatowski, supported by Russia's empress (and former lover) Ekaterina, becomes king of Poland, thereby ending the union with Saxony
1772: the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia, Lvev, Krakow)
1791: the Polish parliament ratifies a democratic constitution
1792: Ekaterina of Russia instigates a rebellion against the constitution
1793: Ekaterina of Russia invades Poland, abrogates the constitution and partitions half of Poland between Russia and Prussia, obtaining western Ukraine and most of Lithuania while Prussia obtains Danzig
1794: Polish hero Tadeusz Kosciuszko starts a national uprising for Polish independence, but Russia and Prussia invade the country
1795: a third partition divides the whole of Poland between Russia (that takes all of Lithuania and Ukraine) and Prussia (that takes Warszaw), thereby removing Poland from the map
1807: Napoleon defeats Prussia and creates a Duchy of Warszaw
1815: at the Congress of Vienna the Duchy of Warszaw is partitioned among Russia, Austria and Prussia and the Russian tsar Alexander I grants semi-autonomy to the "Congress Kingdom" of Poland Nov
1830: Polish patriots rebel against Russian occupation
1831: Poland declares its independence but Russia invades it
1832: Russia declares Poland a region of the Russian empire governed by the czar's viceroy
Jan 1863: Polish patriots rise up against Russian occupation
1865: Russia turns the kingdom of Poland into the Vistula Province, forbids the use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages and persecutes the Catholic church
1890: millions of Poles emigrate to the United States
1914: Jozef Pilsudski organizes the "Polish Riflemen's League" that fights with the Austro-Hungarian empire and against Russia during World War I
1917: Russia grants independence to Poland, after the USA entered World War I listing Polish independence as one of the requirements
1918: Lithuania declares its independence from Russia
1919: at the treaty of Versailles the independence of Poland is recognized (with territory recovered from Austria and Germany) by the world powers and Pilsudski becomes its head of state
1920: Jozef Pilsudski defeats the Soviet army Poland annexes western Ukraine and western Belarus
1923: Poland regains Galicia
1926: Pilsudski proclaims himself dictator of Poland
1939: Stalin's Soviet Union and Hitler's Third Reich partition Poland
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•World War II : •17/9/1939: the Soviet Union invades Poland 4/11/1939: the USA Congress passes a neutrality act 8/11/1939: and assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler in Munich fails 30/11/1939: the Soviet Union attacks Finland
.../..../...../
12/5/1943: German troops in the Crimea surrender to the Soviet Union 1943: Six million Poles (including three million Jews) are killed in Nazist death camps at Maidanek, Birkenau, and Auschwitz 2/10/1944: The Germans surrender in Warsaw after 200,000 people have been killed in two months 23/10/1944: the Soviet Union invades Germany 17/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Warsaw 27/1/1945: the Soviet Union liberates Auschwitz 23/4/1945: the Soviet Union enters Berlin 29/4/1945: the USA liberates the Dachau concentration camp 1/7/1945: USA, Britain and France enter Berlin 16/7/1945: the USA tests the first atomic bomb 16/7/1945: Truman, Stalin and Churchill meet at the Potsdam Conference to discuss post-war Europe 6/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima kills more than 100,000 civilians 8/8/1945: the Soviet Union attacks Japan killing 500,000 Japanese in two weeks 9/8/1945: the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki kills more than 100,000 civilians 24/10/1945: the winning power create the United Nations 1945: out of the 90,000 German soldiers who surrendered in Stalingrad, only 5,000 returned to Germany alive •
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Deaths in World War II (Lithuania, Civilian Deaths Due to War:140,000 +30k military deaths + 140,000 Jews)(Germany, Civilian Deaths Due to War:780,000 + 3,500k military deaths + 170,000 Jews) (Poland, Civilian Deaths Due to War:5,675,000 +320k military deaths + 3,200,000 Jews) (Soviet Union, Civilian Deaths Due to War:3,000,000+4,000,000Ukrainians +12,000,000(+6,019,000 Ukrainians) military deaths + 1,000,000 Jews) died) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1939: World War II begins with the invasion of Poland by Germany World War II
1939: Soviet troops invade eastern Poland 1939: Russian aviator Igor Sikorsky invents the helicopter 1940: The Soviet Union invades Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 1940: Romania returns Bessarabia (Moldavia) to the Soviet Union 1940: Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico City 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union Aug 1941: The poetess Tsvetaeva/ Cvetaeva commits suicide 1943: The Soviet Union launches a counteroffensive 1944: Finland surrenders Karelia to the Soviet Union 1944: eastern Galicia is conquered by the Soviet Union and eventually annexed to Ukraine 1945: Germany surrenders 1945: At the Yalta conference the Soviet Union, Britain and the USA partition Europe in spheres of influence 1945: Germany and Berlin are divided in four sectors, soon to be come "western" and "easter" (Russian) sectors
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1947: Vladislav Gomulka's Communists seize power in Poland 1955: The Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact to counterbalance NATO with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania 1956: Vladislav Gomulka is released from jail and becomes the leader of the reformists in the Communist Party Jun 1956: Workers riot in Poznan demanding "Bread and Freedom" and the police kills 300 of them March 1968: Students demonstrate in Poland December 1970: Workers strike in the Baltic towns 1974: The Polish geneticist Waclaw Szybalski coins the term "synthetic biology" 1978: the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II, first non-Italian Pope in centuries 1979: Pope John Paul II visits Poland and supports the anti-communist movement 1980: Lech Walesa of Solidarnosch leads Polish workers in a strike 1989: In Poland the communist government and Solidarity agree to share power 1990: Lech Walesa elected president of Poland
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2013: Ukraine's economy is smaller than it was in 1992, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union
2013: A quarter of all Russian men die before they are 55, mainly because of alcohol
2013: Oil and gas account for 75% of all Russian exports and 45% of what Russians buy is imported
Jan 2014: Latvia joins the eurozone
Feb 2014: Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders Vitali Klitschko (UDAR/Democratic Alliance for Reform), Arseniy Yatsenyuk (Batkivshchyna/ Fatherland Party) and Oleh Tyahnibok (Svoboda/Freedom Party) agree to hold early presidential elections after 88 protesters are killed and soon afterwards Yulia Tymoshenko is freed from jail and parliament votes to remove Yanukovych from power and replace him with Oleksandr Turchynov, a close Tymoshenko ally
Feb 2014: Russia's defense minister Sergei Shoigu announces that Russia plans to increase its military presence abroad, including in Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua
Mar 2014: Russia annexes Ukraine's Crimea
Mar 2014: The USA arrests Ukrainian tycoon Dmitry Firtash for having paid bribes to the Indian government
May 2014: Ukraine's tycoon Petro Poroshenko is elected president while dozens of people are killed in riots between pro- and anti-Russian groups in Ukraine
1995: Sweden and Finland join the European Union 1996: Goeran Persson becomes prime minister of Sweden 2000: a bridge is inaugurated linking Malmo in Sweden and Copenhagen in Denmark 2000: The longest road tunnel in the world opens in Norway, the Laerdal Tunnel 2002: Finland adopts the euro 2006 Muslims riot worldwide because the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published comic cartoons about Mohammed, the founder of Islam 2006: Fredrik Reinfeldt becomes prime minister of Sweden Nov 2007: An 18-year-old student (Pekka-Eric Auvinen) goes a gun rampage at his school in Tuusula, killing seven pupils, a teacher and himself ("Jokela school massacre") 2008: An armed student kills nine people at a college in Finland Oct 2008: Iceland's three main banks collapse and leave the country virtually bankrupt 2009: Iceland elects the first openly gay head of state in the world, Johanna Sigurdardottir Dec 2009: A 43-year-old man (Ibrahim Shkupolli) goes a gun rampage in the southern city of Espoo, killing five people Dec 2010: A Muslim dies trying to carry out a suicide attack in Stockholm, Sweden Dec 2010: Danish authorities prevent a terrorist attack by Muslims who wanted to kill as many people as possible in the building of a newspaper that published cart
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'Aš tau atleidžiu' gali pasakyti tik tas, kas gali pasakyti 'Aš tave myliu' (Paolo Coelho - Alchemikas)
2013 m. gruodžio 2 d. 19:06:48
kita vertus turbut ne visi skaitytojai idomus rasytojui :)
o dar buna rasytoju, kurie mano kad ju dienorasciams kai kurie skaitytojai per prasti, zemiau kurybos, prasciau uz istrinta sakini :)
o dar buna labai pozityviu rasytoju savo skaitytojams, kurie linke pasidalinti ir patarti. (bet cia mazai tokiu, kurie kazka papasakoja kaip gerai gaminti, sveikai gyventi, keliones idomiau papasakoti - ne vien ka maciau, bet ka verta zinoti, ar kaip nesuklysti noobui nepazistamoje aplinkoje, kaip pvz verta butu 50-200lt per savaitgali isleisti ar pan :))
2013 m. spalio 21 d. 20:38:31
Turbūt pažįstamų/ matytų žmonių :))) arba tų, kurie man patinka ir kuriuos noris užkybint :D
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Jeigu tu turi nuostabią žmoną, pritrenkiačią meilužę, prabangų automobilį, neturi problemų su valdžia ir mokesčių tarnybomis, o tau išėjus į gatvę visada šviečia saulė ir praeiviai tau šypsosi - pasakyk NE narkotikams!
2013 m. rugsėjo 29 d. 15:28:35
Šiuo metu - EP'o. :D
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Jeigu Jūs nesergate paranoja, tai dar nereiškia, kad jie Jūsų neseka!
2013 m. kovo 14 d. 16:09:19
Na, gal tiesiog nebe mano stiliaus, arba manasis skonis pasikeitė. Bet turbūt nelabai. Kad keičiasi - tai ne gerai, tai tiesiog puiku. Tik visiems neįtiksi. Ir nereikia, reikia gyventi sau, ne kitiems.
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„Nieko nepadarysi“ - Kurtas Vonegutas
2013 m. kovo 14 d. 10:22:01
kodė nusivylei?
žmonės - keičiasi ir gerai!
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. tamsos ir šviesos kamasutra .
2013 m. kovo 13 d. 22:46:14
Pastaruoju metu vis labiau nusivyliu Rugilės dienoraščiais, nors kai kurie išties vis dar puikūs. Šiuo metu niekas lyg ir ypatingai tų dienoraščių nerašo, todėl apsistosiu ties dviems asmenimis - Misantropia ir gedged
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„Nieko nepadarysi“ - Kurtas Vonegutas
2013 m. kovo 13 d. 22:41:12
tik ir be abejonės R7wa. :)
2013 m. kovo 13 d. 16:47:54
*o pats tai stengiuosi pakelt žmonių įsižiemojusią nuotaiką (tik priešingai nei dienoraščiuose, kur anksčiau turėjau galimybės žaist su šriftu, straipsniais, įkeliamomis nuotraukomis/album covers, dabar naudoju puikią galimybę - atsiradusią ir plačiai išpopuliarėjusią pokalbių dėžutę, sorry, jei kas kartais tikisi ne tokio jumoro, jiems per juodas ar užstoja jų pokalbius su draugais)
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Man sunku susivokti, kaip jiems taip lengva susivogti.
2013 m. kovo 13 d. 16:29:25
dabar kažkaip labiau laukiu lacunacoil arba MusicLt dienoraščių. tai bus solidžiau, o be to ir neprašausiu kaip užlipdamas ant 1 paros/1 valandos vertės komikso lapuko, prirašinėto paveiksliuko ar dienos minties apie savo gyvenimą ar kokias aktualijas.
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Man sunku susivokti, kaip jiems taip lengva susivogti.
2012 m. rugsėjo 23 d. 13:25:31
Visu nariu dienorsciai savotiskai idomus...Taciau man idomiausi : R7wa,cccrazyggirl,gedged,4Blackberry ir Rutone dienorasciai...
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 22:27:01
Originaliausi vis dėlto yra R7wa, cccrazyggirl, gedged ir 4Blackberry dienoraščiai...
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Meilė kovoja,bet žmonės akli,kas atsimerks,tam iš dangaus,leisis ji Šitam pasaulį meilė gimdo ateitį,praeitis-dabartį,o ateitis-sapnus. (Sahja) Mano batai iš Lietuvos,mano kelnės iš Vokietijos,mano kepurė iš Rusijos,o mano širdis,iš Indijos.Visa Visata ,tik sapnas,tik laikas,kurio nėra,mums tai atvers.
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 21:34:58
senesniu nariu.
nes visada paspaudus, kazkaip, kaip gerai pazistamo zmogaus, atrodo, skaitai. kvailoka, bet ka jau cia. :)
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Yes, I’m a Disney princess, thanks for asking.
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 17:37:16
cccrazyggirl ir R7wa
.
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"Death may be the biggest of all human blessings" - Socrates
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 17:18:07
Patys patys įdomiausi , artimiausi mano mintims yra gedged ir velniux dienoraščiai .
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One day I will find the right words, and they will be simple , - J.Kerouac
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 00:35:51
Visiems, Vaida, sunku su darbais: net ir mano artimiems žmonėms...
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Man sunku susivokti, kaip jiems taip lengva susivogti.
2012 m. rugsėjo 22 d. 00:18:13
Seni neigiami jausmai Rimuliui sukilo?
Kaip man faina, kad tu apie mane galvoji :*
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Mano smegenys nėra erogeninė zona, taip kad prašyčiau man jų nepist.